고대 이스라엘 “진흙 여인상”의 기능에 관한 연구: 구마적/ 주술적 기능을 중심으로
A New Functional Interpretation on Pillar-Figurines in Ancient Israel:The Apotropaic and Magical Functional Uses
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In the past, the numerous examples of pillar-figurines discovered in ancient Israel excavations were called “Astarte” or “asherah” figurines. In the current status of scholarship on pillar-figurine interpretation and classification, scholars call the figurines deities and some equate the pillar-figurines with a goddess from the Near Eastern tradition, but they hesitate to identify the function of such a pillar-figurine. This paper articulates that the pillar-figurines functioned as women's ritual objects providing magic/ apotropaic and domestic-cultic functions. Because 1) the majority of ancient Israel pillar-figurines came from private residences of ordinary ancient people, 2) the pillar-figurines lack the insignia or decoration used to represent deities or to symbolize divine power, and 3) the pillar-figurines are small and made of an ordinary material. The textual evidence from ancient Israel, Ugarit, Assyria, Hittite, Egypt, and Babylonia shows that ancient people served personal protective deities at household altars to protect themselves and their infants against Lamashtu or evil ones. Ancient Israelite personal gods and protective spirits served the purpose of protecting the members of the household. Their guarding presence in houses was invoking through pillar-figurines as a vehicle, which kept household residents from harm. Furthermore, archaeological excavations/ reports reveal that pillar-figurines found at the eighth century BCE House 25 at Tel Beersheba, in a house at Tel Beit Mirsim, and in a four-room house at Tel en-Na-beh suggest that these pillar-figurines were used for invoking divine presence and protecting houses from evil influences as apotropaic and magical functional uses. This paper concludes that the pillar-figurines invoked through her image served as a vehicle of the apotropaic and magical practices for the protective spirit of ancient Israel houses. The primary function of pillar-figurines was to care for and protect the family so that ancient Israelite women might protect themselves and their newborn infants with pillar-figurines, incense, and lamps. The textual and archaeological sources provide invaluable information to support the apotropaic and magical uses of the pillar-figurines in ancient Israel during the Iron Age II(1000-586 BCE) period.
Abstract
In the past, the numerous examples of pillar-figurines discovered in ancient Israel excavations were called “Astarte” or “asherah” figurines. In the current status of scholarship on pillar-figurine interpretation and classification, scholars call the figurines deities and some equate the pillar-figurines with a goddess from the Near Eastern tradition, but they hesitate to identify the function of such a pillar-figurine. This paper articulates that the pillar-figurines functioned as women's ritual objects providing magic/ apotropaic and domestic-cultic functions. Because 1) the majority of ancient Israel pillar-figurines came from private residences of ordinary ancient people, 2) the pillar-figurines lack the insignia or decoration used to represent deities or to symbolize divine power, and 3) the pillar-figurines are small and made of an ordinary material. The textual evidence from ancient Israel, Ugarit, Assyria, Hittite, Egypt, and Babylonia shows that ancient people served personal protective deities at household altars to protect themselves and their infants against Lamashtu or evil ones. Ancient Israelite personal gods and protective spirits served the purpose of protecting the members of the household. Their guarding presence in houses was invoking through pillar-figurines as a vehicle, which kept household residents from harm. Furthermore, archaeological excavations/ reports reveal that pillar-figurines found at the eighth century BCE House 25 at Tel Beersheba, in a house at Tel Beit Mirsim, and in a four-room house at Tel en-Na-beh suggest that these pillar-figurines were used for invoking divine presence and protecting houses from evil influences as apotropaic and magical functional uses. This paper concludes that the pillar-figurines invoked through her image served as a vehicle of the apotropaic and magical practices for the protective spirit of ancient Israel houses. The primary function of pillar-figurines was to care for and protect the family so that ancient Israelite women might protect themselves and their newborn infants with pillar-figurines, incense, and lamps. The textual and archaeological sources provide invaluable information to support the apotropaic and magical uses of the pillar-figurines in ancient Israel during the Iron Age II(1000-586 BCE) period.
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