마리아 숭배의 기원: 황제 숭배 및 여성성을 중심으로
The Origin of the Cult of Virgin Mary
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This paper is to clarify the background of the increasing development of the cult of Virgin Mary from the 5th century. Virgin Mary is barely mentioned in the New Testament and did not appear as a significant person in the first four centuries of the Christian church. However, the cult of Virgin Mary began to be remarkably developed from the 5th century on forward. The traditional view on the reason focused on the Council of Ephesus in 541, when the status of Virgin Mary as a theotokos(God-bearer) was publicly declared against the sect of Nestorius. However, even though the Council of Ephesus became a watershed encouraging the cult of Mary, I argue that the worship of Virgin Mary was deeply related to the imperial worship and even behind the Council of Ephesus, there was a princess called Pulcheria. Imperial worship was a convenient system to enhance the royalty of subjects towards their royal family. In this system, emperors usually had partner gods (comes) while empresses, goddesses. After the advent of Christian age, emperor behaved as a vicar of Christ abandoning old gods. However, empress could not find out a goddess since Christianity was basically a monotheistic religion. Thus, royal females contrived to enhance the role of Virgin Mary instead of old goddess, identifying themselves with Mary. Secondly, a mentality towards maternity encouraged the worship of Mary. From the ancient times, the religion of mother goddess had been prospering and those mentalities encouraged to find another goddess in Christianity too. In addition to it, in the early centuries of the Christian church, female played a significant role in church together with men, but aftermath of the fourth centuries, the system of male dominated society had permeated into christian church too. The cult of Virgin Mary was kind of reaction against that overall patriarchal society. In conclusion, it is the legacy of emperor worship and the mentality of maternity in reaction to the male- dominant society.
Abstract
This paper is to clarify the background of the increasing development of the cult of Virgin Mary from the 5th century. Virgin Mary is barely mentioned in the New Testament and did not appear as a significant person in the first four centuries of the Christian church. However, the cult of Virgin Mary began to be remarkably developed from the 5th century on forward. The traditional view on the reason focused on the Council of Ephesus in 541, when the status of Virgin Mary as a theotokos(God-bearer) was publicly declared against the sect of Nestorius. However, even though the Council of Ephesus became a watershed encouraging the cult of Mary, I argue that the worship of Virgin Mary was deeply related to the imperial worship and even behind the Council of Ephesus, there was a princess called Pulcheria. Imperial worship was a convenient system to enhance the royalty of subjects towards their royal family. In this system, emperors usually had partner gods (comes) while empresses, goddesses. After the advent of Christian age, emperor behaved as a vicar of Christ abandoning old gods. However, empress could not find out a goddess since Christianity was basically a monotheistic religion. Thus, royal females contrived to enhance the role of Virgin Mary instead of old goddess, identifying themselves with Mary. Secondly, a mentality towards maternity encouraged the worship of Mary. From the ancient times, the religion of mother goddess had been prospering and those mentalities encouraged to find another goddess in Christianity too. In addition to it, in the early centuries of the Christian church, female played a significant role in church together with men, but aftermath of the fourth centuries, the system of male dominated society had permeated into christian church too. The cult of Virgin Mary was kind of reaction against that overall patriarchal society. In conclusion, it is the legacy of emperor worship and the mentality of maternity in reaction to the male- dominant society.
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