고대 이스라엘 여성 연구: 여성의 가치와 제의적 역할을 중심으로
A Study on the Women of Ancient Israel: Their Ideal Values and Functional Roles as Religious Agents
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초록
본 논고는 고대 이스라엘 사회에서 여성의 사회-문화적 가치와 제의적 기능을 연구하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 논고는 고대 이스라엘 사회가 남성 중심의 사회상과는 달리 그 내면의 실제가 그 권위와 항상 일치하고 있지 않음을 조명하고 사회적 내면 특히 가정(가옥)에서 여성의 종교적 대행자의 기능적 역할과 가치를 밝힌다.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to articulate religious/cultic functional roles and values of ancient Israelite women in their socio-cultural and religious context that made contribution to their society. The methodology of this article utilizes a functional approach to reveal women performing functional roles in Ancient Israel. Israelite culture, although patrilineal, was not patriar- chal in the sense of men having control over females, male family heads having control over their wives and other family members, or of women being subservient, despite some biblical texts or features of biblical languages that seem to imply this. The social reality of ancient Palestine confirms that authority does not necessarily coincide with power. As collections of Israelite poetry span the nation's entire ancient Israelite history, Proverbs presents woman's value not judged in terms of her sexua- lity, but on the basis of her business acumen and industrious work. The valued sociological functions of women are family educators and wise household-builders. In Proverbs, a woman is the source of life for the house- hold and community, not as a childbearer, but in a socio-cultural and religious sense of life. Although the Old Testament highlights public male leaders, it also speaks of women who figured occasionally in public religious roles: judge, prophet, wise woman, singer/dancer, keener, door attendant at the meeting tent, necroman- cer, consecrated woman, weaver of clothing for divine images, and Queen Mother who made a covering for the "asherah." Women were important and respected in their public religious roles in Israelite society. Biblical texts give various cultic examples of women, both positively and negatively, performing religious or magical activities in the context of their normal domain, the household. Thus, biblical texts, Aramaic incantation from Nippur, and Ugaritic legendary AQHT give women's ideal social-cultural and religious values as well as various examples of women positively performing religious activities as religious agents in their houses.
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