고대 지중해 식민 활동과 여성
A Review of Women’s Participation and Role in Ancient Greek Colonization
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이주나 식민은 인류 역사 전반에 걸쳐 나타나지만, 특히 고대 지중해에서 이주, 식민, 유랑이나 방랑 활동은 매우 일상적인 일이었다. 그런데 고대 지중해를 둘러싼 이주나 식민 활동에 관련하여 잔존하는 문헌이나 비문등에는 남성들이 중심이 되며 여성은 크게 드러나지 않는다. 이 글에서는고대 지중해 이주의 역사에서 보이는 여성의 참여나 역할 및 그 결과 나타난 문화적 양상 등에 대해서 살펴보았다. 먼저, 여성의 동반 문제는 일반화시키기 힘들고, 각각의 이주나 식민의 배경이나 상황에 따라서 다양한 양상으로 이루어졌음을 알 수 있었다. 식량난이나 토지 부족, 국가의 멸망으로 인한 이주나 식민 활동이었다면 여성을 포함한 모든 식구가 함께 떠났을 가능성이 크며, 상업 기지 건설이나 원료를 공급받을 목적, 군사적 목적으로 떠나는 경우는 남성들 위주로 떠났을 가능성이 크다고 생각된다. 정치적 망명일 경우는 상황에 따라 여성이 동반되기도 하고 그렇지 않기도 했을 것이다. 다른 한편, 정착 과정에는 이주하는 쪽의 상황만 아니라, 토착민의 동향도 매우 중요하였을 것인데, 토착 여성과의 결합 여부는 중요한 한 요인이었을 것으로 보인다. 이주민과 토착민 사이의 혼인을 통한 결합은 양자 간의 갈등을 완화하고 새로운 정체성을 가진 집단, 새로운 혼종 문화가 탄생하는 데 윤활제 역할을 한 것으로 보인다. 상업적 목적으로 발달하였던 피테쿠사이, 메타폰테온 등지에서 발굴된 고고학적 증거는 현지 토착민과 이주민 사이의 결합을 보여주는 좋은 예가 된다.
Abstract
Studies in ancient Greek colonization have recently been a highly prolific field. One of the major discussions confronted by scholars has been regarding women’s participation and their roles. For instance, a majority of scholars have supposed that women did not take part in the colonization movement, while others, like A.J. Graham, insisted that they did. This paper will review women’s participation, as well as the women’s role in immigrants’ settling ancient Mediterranean areas. Firstly, women’s participation in Greek migration or colonization does not display a definite pattern, as the movements are too various in nature and each subject to different examples in time and space. For instance, when immigration or colonization was caused by famine, or when frequent population explosions occurred in ancient times, women accompanied their men elsewhere. Also, in the cases of countries collapsing, everyone, including women and children, moved away. On the other hand, if it was because of commercial goals or military expeditions, it seems that women were generally excluded since it was mostly carried out by the men. Secondly, whether they accompanied women from their country or not, aboriginal women’s roles seem to be very important: from literary evidence, their role was decisive for newcomers to gain a new territory or to avoid the hostility of native men. Archeological evidences such as Pithekoussai and Metapontum also testify that international marriages were frequent between natives and colonizers. As a consequence, crossbreed cultures flourished, and this transformed the Mediterranean into a multi-cultural as well as a racially-mixed society. In conclusion, the aspects and processes of immigration and Greek colonization related to women’s participatory roles were very diverse, and ancient Mediterranean society seems to have been one of the most multi-cultural societies in all of human history.
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