러일전쟁과 만한문제의 국제화, 1905-1912 －4국앙탕트와 연계하여－
The Russo Japanese War and the Internationalization of Manchuria-Korean Problem,1905-1912 －related with the Quadruple Entente－
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초록
본 연구는 러일전쟁이후 발생한 만주문제와 한국문제를 1907년에 구축된 4국앙탕트(the Quadruple Entente)와 상호작동성이라는 관점에서 재조명하여, 동북아시아를 둘러싼 국제관계의 전후 맥락을 재구성한 것이다. 먼저 러일전쟁이후 외교혁명을 통해 구축된 4국앙탕트 체제와 동아시아 국제관계의 변화를 다루었다. 이는 일본의 만한정책이 러일전쟁의 사후처리라는 관점보다는 1907년의 외교혁명으로 구축된 4국앙탕트와의 상호 작동성이라는 관점에서 재조명하려는 것이었다. 다음으로 정미7조약과 헤이그밀사사건, 고종퇴위와 간도협약 전후의 국제관계와 4국앙탕트와의 상호작동성을 다루었다. 이로서 청의 헤이그중재재판 회부기도, 간도와 만주문제에 대한 청일협약과정에서 4국앙탕트와의 연동성을 밝혔다. 그리고 마지막으로 한국병합 전후의 국제관계와 4국앙탕트와의 상호 작동을 다루었다. 일본의 한국병합에 관한 영국과 일본의 사전접촉, 그리고 병합이후 한국조항을 삭제한 3차 영일동맹이 미영중재재판조약 및 제3차 러일협상과 상호 연계됨을 밝혔다. 이같은 국제관계를 통한 글로벌한 역사접근의 시도는 기존의 중심담론들을 넘어서, 다계적이고 다원적인 해석의 장을 제기함으로써, 한반도, 나아가 동아시아 중심의 글로벌한 국제관계사 연구의 지평을 확대하려는 것이다.
Abstract
This article is to reconsider the International relations of the Quadruple Entente and the Manchuria-Korea(the Manhan)Problem occurred from 1905 until 1912 with global perspective. This work will be revealed clear that the Manhan Problem was not merely territorial dispute among Korea, China and Japan, but the result of the Quadruple Entente system which has been made by Western Powers and Japan. It was the multiple entente systems. In this research, I specially focused on the interconnection with the Quadruple Entente and the Manhan Problem which was overlooked until now. It will be broaden the horizon of Korean studies and Manchurian Studies in these periods. After the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese-French Agreement, Russo-Japanese Agreement, and Anglo-Russian Convention were concluded in 1907. This Quadruple system was to bring about the End of “the Great Game”. Since then, In East Asia, Quadruple Enetente system based on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance was constructed and In Europe, Triple Entente system were operated. Interaction of Quadruple Entente was forced to threaten and encircled German’s Triple Alliance in Europe as well as to restrict the American Expansion from Asian Pacific. Therefore Germany actively took a plan for German-China-American Alliance. Nevertheless, Japan had free hands in Northeastern Asia regions under the British diplomatic assistance. Such an International change in East Asia was able to make shape of realizing Japanese Plans to annex Korea and preoccupy Southern Manchuria including Gando region from 1907 until 1912. Therefore Japanese penetration into Korea and Manchuria has been not only influenced by Quadruple entente system, but also controlled by Intervention and Restriction of German and America. Such actions were proved by Kaiser’s Plan for German-China-American Alliance Connection from 1907 to 1909, Theodore Roosevelt’s Initiative on the Root-Dakahira Agreement in 1908, The Knox’s Neutralization Plan for Manchurian railway in 1909. Anglo-Japanese preliminary contacts with Gando and Manchurian problems in 1909 and Anglo-American Arbitration Treaty after the Japanese Seizure of Korea. All these measures were revealed that Japanese Annexation of Korea and preoccupation of Manchuria had been influenced by the Interaction of Quadruple system. It was the Imperial struggle for Reestablishing the sphere of influence in East Asia. But the Japanese seizure of Korea was not completed. The reason why was that The Aftermath of the Annexation of Korea was to increase the threat of war between America and Japan. It caused by the 2nd Russo-Japanese Convention and the Strengthening of the Quadruple system. Counteraction was immediately taken by Taft administration suggesting the Arbitration Treaty between United State and England. In the aftermath of this, 3th Anglo-Japanese alliance was concluded in 13th,July,1911. In this treaty, the clauses related with korea and the Russo-Japanese War were eliminated. It was the last diplomatic action for the Korean Problem taken step by Japan and Britain. In these measure, Korean problem was officially completed. In the course, British Entente policy was the unwavering support. But the Conclusion of the Arbitration Treaty between United State and England was to bring about the change of the Quadruple Entente system based on Anglo-Japanese alliance. Now Anglo-Japanese relation was estranged, but Anglo-American diplomatic relationship is renewed. It means that Japan’s regional power is to be challenged and power politics in east asia is to be changed.
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