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우리나라 자본시장에서 회계보수주의가 기업의 투자효율성 및 채권발행에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증적 분석

The Association Between Accounting Conservatism and Investment Efficiency & Bond Issue in Korean Capital Market

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주제분류경영학

초록

본 연구에서는 우리나라 자본시장에 상장된 비금융기업에서 회계보수주의가 기업의 투자효율성에 미치는 영향의 실증적 분석결과를 제시하였다. 과소투자를 할 가능성이 높은 기업 중에서 더 보수적인 기업들이 더 많은투자를 하며, 그 반대로 과잉투자를 할 가능성이 높은 기업 중에서 더 보수적인 기업들이 더 적은 투자를 함으로써, 회계보수주의가 기업들의 투자효율성을 증대시키고 미래의 투자수익률을 증대시키는가를 분석하였다. 또한, 과소투자를 할 가능성이 높은 기업 중에서, 더 보수적인 회계방법을 사용하는 기업들이 자본조달을 위하여주식발행보다는 채권발행을 할 것으로 예상하였다. 그리고 더 높은 정보 비대칭이 존재하는 경우에 언급된 보수주의의 투자효율성 효과가 더욱 크게 나타날 것으로 예상하였다. 2001년부터 2019년 동안 비금융 KOSPI와KOSDAQ 기업들을 대상으로 실증적 분석결과, 보수주의가 더 높은 기업에서는 과잉투자 가능성이 높은(낮은) 기업에서의 투자는 감소(증가)한다는 것을 발견하였으며, 더 보수적인 기업에서 포트폴리오 구성 이후 미래이평균 ROA가 더 높게 나타났다. 또한, 이러한 보수주의와 투자의 효율성 간의 관련성은 정보의 비대칭이 높은기업에서 더 크게 나타났으며, 보수주의가 높은 기업에서는 지분보다는 채무 증가를 통하여 자본을 조달할 가능성이 더 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 회계보수주의의 자본시장에서의 긍정적인 측면을 개별기업 수준의 투자효율성을 측정함으로써 제시하였다. 최근 들어서 회계보수주의가 회계이익의 하방 편의(bias)를 발생시키기 때문에 재무제표의 사용자들에게 잘못된 추론을 유도할 수 있다는 견해가 제시되었다. 이러한 견해는 IASB (International Accounting Standards Board)의 보수주의에 대한 비판(IASB, 2006)과 같은 맥을 하고 있다. IASB 의 보수주의에 대한 부정적인 주장에도 불구하고 실제로 몇 개의 최근 실증적 연구는 IASB의 이러한 주장을반박하고 있다(Garcia Lara, J.M., Garcia Osma, B., and Penalva, F., 2011; Louis and Urcan, 2015). 본 연구에서는 IASB의 보수주의에 대한 부정적인 주장에 대한 가능한 반대 증거의 하나로서, 회계보수주의가 우리나라자본시장에서 기업 투자의 효율성을 증진한다는 것을 실증적으로 제시하고 있다.

Abstract

Prior research(e.g. Biddle et al., 2009) finds that accounting quality improves investment efficiency. They identify a negative (positive) association between accounting quality and investment for firms operating in settings prone to over-investment (under-investment). This paper extends this line of research by using data in KOSPI and KOSDAQ firms, similarly hypothesizing and finding a negative (positive) association between accounting conservatism and investment for firms operating in settings prone to over-investment (under-investment). This study also finds that more conservative firms in settings prone to under-investment issue more debt and invest in more prudent projects, and that the investment and financing effects of conservatism are more pronounced when there exists greater information asymmetries. Using a large KOSPI and KOSDAQ sample for the period 2001-2019, this paper follows the method of Biddle et al. (2009) and tests the association between accounting conservatism and firm investment, financing, and performance. This paper uses the firm-level measure of conservative reporting-timely loss recognition. The results are robust to the use of alternative proxies. This paper finds the following results. First, more conservative firms invest more than less conservative ones in settings where under-investment is more likely. This paper also shows that conservatism is associated with lower over-investment for non-transparent investments, such as capital expenditures and R&D. Finally, this paper shows that the association between conservatism and accounting profitability, as measured by the future ROA, is conditional on whether the firm is prone to over- or under-investment. For firms prone to over-investment, conservatism is associated with a higher ROA. For firms prone to under-investment, conservatism is associated with less volatile investments that do not necessarily lead to a higher ROA.

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