Identity and Massive Civilian Killings in African Secessionist Wars: Comparing Eritrean and Casamance Wars
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Under what conditions do African rulers embroiled in secessionist war commit massive civilian killings? This article claims that severity of the government’s atrocities hinges on whether regional identity reigns in secessionist territory. Strong regional identity assuages security dilemma and engenders a sense of duty among local ethnic groups, which enables secessionist insurgents to build trans‐ethnic local support. Confronting these secessionists, the government perpetrates massive civilian killings as a strategy for subduing an ongoing insurgency and exercising firm control over secessionist territory. In contrast, weak regional identity stimulates security dilemma and breeds feelings of wariness and rivalry among local ethnic groups, which staves off rebels’ mustering trans‐ethnic local support. In this situation, embattled rulers refrain from massive civilian killings. The Eritrean War of Independence and the Casamance War illustrate this argument. Strong Eritrean identity generated cooperation between Tigre Muslims and Tigrinya Christians and thus extensive civilian support for the EPLF, which propelled Ethiopian rulers to massacre Eritrean civilians. On the other hand, weak Casamance identity hampered the emergence of trans‐ethnic cooperation. Therefore, the MFDC dominated by Diolas failed to secure support from non‐Diolas and even some Diolas. The narrow civilian support for secession restrained Senegalese leaders from orchestrating massive civilian killings.
Abstract
Under what conditions do African rulers embroiled in secessionist war commit massive civilian killings? This article claims that severity of the government’s atrocities hinges on whether regional identity reigns in secessionist territory. Strong regional identity assuages security dilemma and engenders a sense of duty among local ethnic groups, which enables secessionist insurgents to build trans‐ethnic local support. Confronting these secessionists, the government perpetrates massive civilian killings as a strategy for subduing an ongoing insurgency and exercising firm control over secessionist territory. In contrast, weak regional identity stimulates security dilemma and breeds feelings of wariness and rivalry among local ethnic groups, which staves off rebels’ mustering trans‐ethnic local support. In this situation, embattled rulers refrain from massive civilian killings. The Eritrean War of Independence and the Casamance War illustrate this argument. Strong Eritrean identity generated cooperation between Tigre Muslims and Tigrinya Christians and thus extensive civilian support for the EPLF, which propelled Ethiopian rulers to massacre Eritrean civilians. On the other hand, weak Casamance identity hampered the emergence of trans‐ethnic cooperation. Therefore, the MFDC dominated by Diolas failed to secure support from non‐Diolas and even some Diolas. The narrow civilian support for secession restrained Senegalese leaders from orchestrating massive civilian killings.
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