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Ethnic Fractionalization, Electoral Systems and Political Attitudes in Africa

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초록

How does ethnic fractionalization interacts with electoral systems in shaping citizens’ attitudes towards their political systems? With Afrobarometer survey data collected from 15 sub-Saharan African countries, this study demonstrates that electoral systems have differential effects on citizens’ attitudes about regime performance in various social contexts. A majoritarian electoral system in an ethnically fractionalized society tends to encourage political movements to organize around ethnic identities and is likely to marginalize minority groups from parliamentary representation. In turn, majoritarian electoral systems are likely to intensify the negative effect of ethnic fractionalization on popular trust in political institutions and their satisfaction with democracy. By contrast, proportional representation systems emphasize the representation of all points of view in decision-making precesses. This leads proportional representation systems to alleviate the negative effects of ethnic fractionalization. At lower levels of ethnic fractionalization, therefore, majoritarian electoral systems work better for increasing popular support for the political system than do proportional representation systems. On the other hand, proportional representation systems enjoy an advantage at higher levels of ethnic fractionalization.

Abstract

How does ethnic fractionalization interacts with electoral systems in shaping citizens’ attitudes towards their political systems? With Afrobarometer survey data collected from 15 sub-Saharan African countries, this study demonstrates that electoral systems have differential effects on citizens’ attitudes about regime performance in various social contexts. A majoritarian electoral system in an ethnically fractionalized society tends to encourage political movements to organize around ethnic identities and is likely to marginalize minority groups from parliamentary representation. In turn, majoritarian electoral systems are likely to intensify the negative effect of ethnic fractionalization on popular trust in political institutions and their satisfaction with democracy. By contrast, proportional representation systems emphasize the representation of all points of view in decision-making precesses. This leads proportional representation systems to alleviate the negative effects of ethnic fractionalization. At lower levels of ethnic fractionalization, therefore, majoritarian electoral systems work better for increasing popular support for the political system than do proportional representation systems. On the other hand, proportional representation systems enjoy an advantage at higher levels of ethnic fractionalization.

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