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에티오피아의 종족 연방주의와 종족 갈등

Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia and Ethnic Conflicts

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참고문헌

키워드

주제분류학제간연구

초록

이 글의 목적은 에티오피아의 종족 연방주의와 종족 갈등을 고찰하는 데 있었다. 이러한 연구 목적을 위해 먼저, 종족 연방주의의 토대가 되는 종족적․종교적 다양성, 언어적 다원성 및 주별 자치권과 자결권을 살펴보았다. 그런 후 종족 연방주의의 전개 양상 및 종족 연방주의 하의 종족 갈등 문제를 검토했다. 에티오피아가 오늘날의 국경과 종족 구성을 가지고, 단일하고 중앙집권적 국가 형태를 갖추게 된 것은 19세기 후반 메넬리크 2세에 의한 영토 확장의 결과이다. 정복과 영토 확장이 진행됨에 따라 에티오피아 제국 내부에서는 종족적 불평등과 경제적 착취 현상이 발생하게 되었다. 메넬리크 2세와 하일레 셀라시에 1세는 단일 국가 건설이라는 미명 하에 암하라 핵심 문화를 타 종족들에게 강요했다. 그러나 이런 일련의 과정에서 상당수의 종족은 암하라 지배 문화에 맞서 해방 운동을 전개하기도 했다. 1974년의 민중 봉기는 민족 자결권에 대한 생각을 고취시켰다. 그러나 군사 정권은 민족 자결권 문제를 제대로 다루지 않고, 오히려 극단적 폭력에 의존함으로써, 문제를 더욱 악화시켰다. 그래서 종족 민족주의 조직들은 민족 자결권을 쟁취하기 위해 해방 운동을 전개했다. 민족 해방 운동은 시간이 갈수록 더욱 거세지고, 중앙 집권적 군사 정권의 몰락에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 1991년 에티오피아 인민혁명민주전선이 종족 연방주의를 채택한 이후, 에티오피아 사회에서는 황제 정권이나 군사 정권에 비해, 에티오피아 인민혁명민주전선 정권이 종족 갈등을 제대로 해소하고 있는지에 대한 논쟁이 있어 왔다. 종족 연방주의 하에서도 종족 갈등이 지속적으로 발생하고 있는 이유는 무엇인가? 이에 대한 대답은 크게 다섯 가지로 정리해 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 종족적 토대 위에 구축된 연방주의는 토지(영토), 종족 정체성, 정치권력, 행정 지배권 등을 둘러싼 종족 집단 간 경쟁을 부추긴다. 둘째, 권력의 핵심인 티그레이 인민해방전선의 이익이 국가의 이익과 동일시될 수 있으며, 따라서 종족과 관련된 각종 국가 정책에서 불평등이 야기될 수 있다. 셋째, 종족 연방주의는 종족 집단의 언어적․문화적 권리를 인정하고 개별 주에 자치권을 위임하게끔 하지만, 연방 정부는 지역 수준의 종족 갈등에 대해서는 책임을 지려고 하지 않는다. 넷째, 연방 정부와 주 정부 간에는 권력과 자원상의 불균형이 존재한다. 다섯째, 지역 주들 간에도 여러 형태의 불균형이 존재한다. 종족 연방주의가 에티오피아 사회에 제대로 뿌리내리기 위해서는 더 많은 시간과 실천적 노력이 요구된다. 또한 이 새로운 정치 체제의 생존 가능성은 적응성(adaptability)과 탄력성(adaptability)에 달려 있다.

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine ethnic federalism in Ethiopia and ethnic conflicts. More concretely, the present paper explores the historical development of ethnic federalism and the ethnic conflicts under it, after reviewing its bases such as ethnic and religious diversity, linguistic pluralism and administrative autonomy. Modernization of Ethiopia was begun by Emperor Menelik Ⅱ who expanded its territory to the south in the late 19th century. Both Menelik Ⅱ and Haile Selassie Ⅰ forced other ethnic groups to adopt the dominant culture of the Amhara. The military government, came to power in 1991, did not properly deal with the ethnic right to self-determination and rather made worse the issue by depending on extreme violence. It was in 1991 when the Tigray People’s Liberation Front-led Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front came to power. The new government adopted ethnic federalism to manage linguistic and cultural diversity and to resolve ethnic conflicts. Ethnic federalism in Ethiopia is based on ethnic and religious diversity, linguistic pluralism and administrative autonomy. Concerned with ethnic federalism under the democratic government, there have been two contrary views. Some scholars argue that ethnic federalism has been comparatively successful because unlike the past days, large scale civil wars or ethnic movements are little found nowadays. However, others contend that ethnic federalism has not been worked because ethnic conflicts or struggles are still happening frequently. The reasons why ethnic conflicts have continuously occurred under ethnic federalism can be explained by the following five factors. First, ethnic-based federalism instigates competition among ethnic groups over land (territory), ethnic identity, political power and administrative dominance. Second, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front-led Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front government has an inherent limitation which can bring out inequalities in carrying out diverse state policies related to ethnic groups. Third, even though ethnic federalism recognizes cultural and linguistic rights, the federal government does not take responsibility for the ethnic conflicts at the local level. Fourth, there are the imbalances of power and sources between the federal and regional governments. Finally, there are the diverse imbalances among different regional states as well.

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