제2차 만주 폐페스트의 유행(1920-21)과 방역정책의 전환: 하얼빈 도시공간의 재편과 관련하여

Abstract

The plague, which was prevalent in Manchuria from 1920 to 21, is called the Second Pneumonic Plague Epidemic in Manchuria. The Second Pneumonic Plague Epidemic in Manchuria began in October 1920 in Hailar and lasted for about a year until it ended in Vladivostok in October 1921, with the death toll reaching some 9,300, including 600 Russians. More than half of the deaths occurred in Harbin, including more than 300 Russians. In the previous study, the Second Pneumonic Plague Epidemic in Manchuria was emphasized that successful quarantine activities were conducted under the leadership of a Chinese quarantine officer named Wu Lien-teh. However, in this view, it is difficult to capture the changes in the Harbin political situation and urban space in the 1920s. Beginning in the early 20th century with the development of Russia's Chinese Eastern Railway(CER), Harbin had been divided into Daoli District, where the Russians reside, and Daowai District, where the Chinese reside, from the early days of urban development, and each region was building its own territory in judicial, administrative and diplomatic affairs. The CER Administration, which had been in charge of the CER, was controlling various powers, including administration, judicial and diplomatic affairs of the Daoli District as well as the operation of the railway. The CER Administration had the local council in charge of the quarantine work, which led the quarantine administration by setting up quarantine stations in various areas of Harbin. The CER Administration and the Autonomous Council also expanded quarantine administration in Daowai District, citing the Chinese residential district as a hotbed of infectious diseases. After World War I and the Russian Revolution, the political situation in Harbin changed rapidly. The Russian people flocked to Daoli District due to unrest in Russian society, but the collapse of the Russian authorities in Daoli District created a political and social chaos in Daoli District, and the leadership of the political situation was transferred to the Chinese government. With the start of the Second Pneumonic Plague Epidemic in Manchuria in 1920, Daoli District was no longer a safe zone for the plague. Not a few Russians have fallen victim to the plague as before. On the other hand, the Second Pneumonic Plague Epidemic in Manchuria was a new turning point in quarantine policy. The Chinese government, which repeated the bubonic plague regulations and measures during the plague, has begun to recognize the importance of respiratory infections. In a departure from the existing rat-fighting measures, the Chinese government has sought new quarantine measures, including wearing masks, reporting to police, medical examinations, disinfection and isolation, and block and containment.