19세기 중반 20세기 초 러시아 전제정의 극동 식민화 재고
Revisiting on the Colonization of the Far East by the Russian Autocracy from the Middle of the Nineteenth Century to the Early Twentieth Century
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이 연구는 19세기 중반부터 20세기 초반까지 러시아 극동지역에 대한 전제정부의 식민화 사업에 내포된 지도층의 우려를 다양한 각도에서 살펴보려는 시도이다. 극동으로의 영토확장으로 제국의 면모를 갖춘 전제정부가 이 지역을 실질적 식민지로 전환시키기 위한 조처 중의 하나는 슬라브 혈통의 농민을 이주시켜 지역의 다양한 인종을 러시아화 시키는 것이었다. 그렇지만 이러한 기대를 부여받은 슬라브 혈통의 농민은 러시아 농업발전을 가능케 할 정도로 선진적인 기술을 가지고 있지도 않으며 이러한 식민지에 영구적으로 정착하려고 하지 않는다는 우려가 존재했다. 농민들의 이주를 촉진시키기 위한 주요 수단인 시베리아 횡단철도 건설과 관련해서도 우려가 존재했다. 횡단철도의 건설이 가지는 경제적, 지정학적 기여도 있지만 그로 인해 정부 재정지출이 적소에 사용될 수 없다는 우려, 반정부적 성향의 철도 종사자들의 증가에 대한 우려의 목소리도 등장했다. 이러한 우려를 안고 시작된 횡단철도 착공의 결과는 극동 식민화의 양상을 또 다른 차원에서 혼란스럽게 만들었다. 횡단철도 건설 이전에도 극동 지역 주민의 적지 않은 비중을 중국인이 차지하고 있었다. 중국인들의 저렴한 임금과 농업 생산력에서의 이점은 그들의 거주 비중을 증가시켜 황화론이 그 어느 때보다도 강력히 제기되는 상황을 초래했다. 전제정부가 러시아 극동지역의 실질적인 식민화를 추진하는 과정에서 내재한 이와 같은 어려움은 식민화 자체의 실질적 성과를 모호하게 보이게 하는 요인이었다.
Abstract
This paper attempts to explore the concerns of the ruling class inherent in the colonization project of the Russian autocracy in the Far East region of Russia from various angles. One of the measures taken by the autocracy with imperial aspirations to turn this region into a practical colony was to immigrate Slavic peasants to Russianize the region’s diverse ethnic groups. However, there were concerns that these Slavic peasants who were given such expectations did not have advanced technology to make Russian agriculture possible and did not want to settle permanently in such colonies. There were also concerns about the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, a major means of promoting peasant migration. It cannot be denied that the construction of the railway certainly contributed to economic, geopolitical gains of the Russia, but there were also concerns about the possibility that government financial expenditure could not be used for adequate purposes. The result of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which began with these concerns, made the aspect of the Far East colonization confusing in another dimension. Before the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, not small proportion of the residents in the Far East region were Chinese. The advantages of low wages and agricultural productivity increased their proportion, and this situation could lead to a strong emphasis on the “Yellow Peril.” The inherent difficulties involved in the Tsarist government’s pursuit of effective colonization of the Russian Far East were not resolved during the early stages of socialist power.
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