元代 운남 통치와 宗王 - 雲南王·梁王과 行省 병존을 중심으로 -

Abstract

This article treats the Yuan’s governance of Yunnan(雲南) focusing on the roles of the royal princes(宗王). Yunnan is a place where the royal princes' role changes due to the readjustment of the government organizations are well observed, because of the princes' administrative assignments in the region, both before and after Xingsheng(行省), the regional secretarial council, was established. Especially, the royal princes were continuously assigned to Yunnan, after the establishment of Xingsheng as well. The influence expanded even further during the later years of Yuan. Although royal princes were sent to various regions of the Yuan dynasty, Yunnan had the longest period of time when it comes to the coexistence of Xingsheng and the royal princes. After his enthronement, Qubilai enfeoffed his sons and grandsons as royal princes and dispatched them to key military points. Such dispatches of royal princes began in the reorganization process of the empire’s local government system, and their roles and influences underwent several changes depending on military and political situation. in the year of 1267, Qubilai enfeoffed his sixth son, Kügechi, as the prince of Yunnan(雲南王). The region’s local subdivision was never reorganized after the conquest of Dali(大理) in 1253, which resulted in a major revolt by indigenous peoples in 1264. Meanwhile, Qubilai started to put diplomatic pressures on Annam (安南, Vietnam) since 1267, resuming the war with Southern Song(南宋). From this period, Yunnan became more important as a bridgehead area for Southeast Asia, and Kügechi was in charge of military and diplomatic activities in Southeast Asia and the rule of Yunnan. However, such governing style through the appointment of royal Prince was stopped at some point before 1271 as Kügechi was poisoned. The establishment of the Yunnan Xingsheng(雲南行省) in 1274 was a significant event that led to a role change in Yunnan’s regional royal princes. After the establishment, Yunnan was governed by Xingsheng. Previous studies decided that Xingsheng and the royal princes ruled this region in parallel since Xingsheng’s establishment to the year 1356. However, their roles showed differences in the viewpoint focused on the royal prince’s part. Esen-temür was dispatched in 1280 due to the changes of the military situations in northern part of the Yuan empire and served as Yunnan’s commander-in-chief. The role of the royal prince changed once again since 1290 when Gammala became the Prince of Liang(梁王). Though the empire’s expansion and conquest entered a lull, there was a high military demand on Yunnan to govern this area stably. Meanwhile, because of the distance from the capital, it was hard to constantly deploy government officials. Therefore the royal princes sent to yunnan genarally stayed where Xinsheng was established and took charge of tasks such as Military command in cases of emergency and censoring of the officials, while complementing Xingsheng.