몽골의 탐라에서 고려의 제주로 - 13~14세기 탐라 관할권의 변화와 그 원인 -

Abstract

This article examines the relationship between Tamra and Goryeo Dynasty, Tamra and Mongol(Yüan) Dynasty in the 13th and 14th centuries, as well as changes in the method of jurisdiction over Tamra. Due to the geopolitical constraints of isolated islands, The Lord of Tamra requested that it be incorporated into Goryeo's Dynasty and prefectural system from the 12th century to secure its weak political status and legitimacy. The relationship between the two was essentially a traditional relation of investiture and tribute between a small country and a great power, as reflected by the continuation of the name 'Tamra. As Kubilai became interested in foreign wars, Tamra Seongju(星主) had an audience with Kubilai through Goryeo in 1267. Since then, the ‘Tamra-Goryeo’ relationship has been transformed into ‘Tamra-Goryeo- Mongol(Yüan)’. Kubilai mobilized Goryeo and Tamra for his war, but all Mongolian orders to Tamra passed through Goryeo. In 1272, King Wonjong asked Kubilai to subdue Sambyulcho based in Tamra, and after the Goryeo and Mongol Allie Forces suppressed Tamra's military forces in 1273, the Mongol government office was established in Tamra from 1275. As a result, the relationship ‘Tamra-Goryeo-Mongol(Yüan)’ was transformed into ‘Tamra –Mongol(Yüan)’ relations and Goryeo lost its political influence over Tamra. After Kubliai's death in 1294, Emperor Chengzong returned Tamra to Goryeo at the request of King Chungnyeol, but its actual meaning was return to ‘Tamra-Goryeo-Mongol(Yüan)’ relations before 1273. As a result, Goryeo again exercised direct influence on Tamra. However, in 1300 immediately after the conflict between King Chungnyeol and King Chungseon and the abdication of King Chungseon, Mongol(Yüan) Court established Tamra General Office under their direct control. This means a return to the ‘Tamra-Mongol(Yüan)’ relaotins. In 1301, King Chungnyeol asked Emperor Chengzong to abolish the general government office and open Manho-bu belonging to Goryeo, and obtained approval. As a result, the king was in charge of Tamra through the Jeongdong xingsheng, soon the relationship was reorganized into a ‘Tamra-Jeongdong xingsheng[Manhofu]- Mongol(Yüan)’. In 1370, King Gongmin sent an envoy to the capital of Ming using the Era Name of Ming and suggested that Goryeo take charge of all Tamra and dedicate horses instead. This means that Mongolia was excluded and reorganized into a ‘Tamra-Goryo-Ming’ relations. However, in 1372, King Gongmin asked Emperor Hongmu to subdue the Mongolian people(牧胡) who remained in Tamra. One hundred years ago, Kubliai responded to King Wonjong's request, while Emperor Hongmu did not respond to King Gongmin's request. In August 1374, the Tamra War of 25,000 Goryeo troops led by Choi Young served as a decisive opportunity for Tamra to become Goryeo's Jeju and the present Jeju Island.