고려말 탐라목장의 운영과 영향

Abstract

This paper sheds light on actual conditions and influence of the Tamra Ranch in the late Goryeo Dynasty that was established by Mongol Empire. In 1273, the Mongol Empire(the Yuan Dynasty) suppressed the Sambyeolcho[三別抄] army in collaboration with the Goryeo Army in in Jeju Island. Khubilai Khan of the Mongol Empire, who put Tamra under the direct control, established a ranch in Tamra to produce military horses in August 1276. The ranch, established for the first time in the history of Tamra, was operated by the Tarachi designated by the Darughachi of Tamra with 160 horses and the dispatched stock farmers(Khachi). The Tamra Ranch[耽羅牧場] was separately located in Susanpyeong [水山坪] in the Eastern area of Jeju in 1276 and in Chagwipyeong[遮歸坪] in the Western area in 1277. Establishment of the Tamra Ranch by the Mongol Empire was the signal to inform the journey of conquest and domination over the pasturelands in Jeju Island. The Mongol Empire built the Eastern Aimaq[阿幕] and the Western Aimaq to systematically operate the ranch. The Aimaqs served as a headquarters to manage the ranch, and Gers and castles were within the Aimaqs. The Mongol Empire did not take out horses from Tamra to the Mongol Empire at the beginning of the ranch, since the empire was planning to conquer Japan. The Mongol Empire started to take out horses from Tamra via the government officials in 1292. This was aimed to check whether the Tamra Ranch was operated in a stable manner and examine the ranch operation system. The Mongol Empire dispatched the Jarguchies[斷事官] to Tamra to operate the ranch in 1296. The Mongol Empire put the horses of the stable owned by the deceased empress to pasture in the ranch in Tamra in 1300, and actively operated the ranch by temporarily reviving the Tamlachonggwanbu[耽羅摠管府]. As King Gongmin developed the policies against Mongol in the 1350s and the Ming Dynasty requested 200 horses in Tamra to Goryeo, Karachies staged a revolt. With the revolt, known as the ‘revolt of Mongol malchin’, King Gongmin ordered General Choi Young[崔瑩] to conquer the Mongol malchin[牧胡] to eradicate the Mongol forces. As the main military force of Mongol malchin in Tamra was collapsed by General Choi Young’s Goryeo troops in 1374, the Mongol malchin, who ran the ranch in Tamra, were hit hard, whereby the Tamra ranch started to be declined. With the operation of the Tamra Ranch, the Mongolian’s village was formed for the Mongolian officials, Khachies and prisoners and the culture of stock-farming was spread to the Tamra society. According to the research on the Tamra Ranch, it is concluded that Gukmajang[國馬場]-the national ranch of Joseon-Dynasty and Sanmajang [山馬場] established in Jeju Island in the Joseon Dynasty were mostly took over from the Tamra Ranch, which as ran by the Mongol Empire. It is also considered that the methods of stock-farming were rooted in the culture of stock-farming that was spread to Tamra by Mongolian Khachies.