식량주권의 제도화와 농민권리 선언에 관한 고찰
The Institutionalization of Food Sovereignty and the Rights of Peasants
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비아 깜페시나(La Vía Campesina, 이하 LVC)가 지난 20여 년간 초국적 사회운동(transnational social movement)으로 전개해 온 식량주권운동의 제도화 및 정책화에 대한 논의가 최근 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 과거에 국민국가 차원에서 이루어졌던 농업·농민 정책들이 해체되는 상황에서 식량주권 운동이 국제수준에서 제도화되는 것은 국가수준의 제도화로 연결될 수 있다는 점에서 매우 의미있는 일이라고 할 수 있다. 초기에는 농민들의 생존과 생산의 권리에 머물렀던 식량주권 운동은 농식품체계 및 관련 정책에 대한 결정을 생산자, 소비자 모두의 권리로 확장하였고, 식량주권의 실현을 위한 고민은 제도화라는 방식으로 이어지고 있다. 현재 유엔이라는 국제기구 체계에서 공식적 채택이 추진되고 있는 농민권리 선언은 LVC의 식량주권 운동의 중장기 목표 달성을 위한 국제적 의제라는 의미도 갖고 있다. 고도로 산업화되고 집중화된 초국적 농기업이 지배하는 기업먹거리체계가 농식품 문제의 근원이라는 LVC의 인식이 유엔의 농민권리 선언에 전면적으로 담겨지는 것은 불가능하더라도 지속가능한 농식품체계에 대한 비전이나 적절한 수입과 생계에 대한 권리, 종자를 비롯한 생산수단에 대한 권리가 유엔에서 적극적으로 논의되고 있는 것은 의미있는 진전이라고 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 식량주권 운동의 제도화 과정을 국제적 및 국가적 차원에서 살펴보고, 제도화가 갖는 성과와 한계를 분석함으로써 한국내의 식량주권 운동을 확산하기 위한 방안도 제시하고자 한다.
Abstract
The food sovereignty movement, which have been developed into trans-national social movement by La Vía Campesina(LVC): is currently institutionalized and makes policies lively. In the context of agricultural and peasant policies which was made in the national level being dismantled, food sovereignty movements are institutionalized at international level. This is very meaningful as it could be linked to an institutionalization at a national level. The food sovereignty movement stayed in the farmers’ survival and their rights of production in the early days, expanded the determination of agricultural food system and its related policy into the rights of both producers and its consumers, and the idea of realizing food sovereignty continues to lead to institutionalized systems. The declaration of the peasants’ rights is being officially adopted by UN, an international organization for Democracy. It means that it is an international agenda to achieve the medium and long-term goal of LVC‘s food sovereignty movement. It is LVC’s idea that highly industrialized and concentrated trans-national agri-food conglomerates controls the food supply system, which is the source of the agricultural food problem. Though it is impossible that his idea could be wholly encapsulate the UN’s declaration of peasants’ rights, it is a significant step forward that these are actively discussed: such as vision for sustainable agri-food system, rights to earn decent living and livelihood, and rights to produce including seed. This paper analyzes the processes of this food sovereignty movement in international and national dimensions and explores the achievements and limitations of efforts to the institutionalize food sovereignty and peasants’ rights. Thus, this paper intend to propose ways to expand the food sovereignty movement in South Korea.
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