사건의 철학과 과정 범재신론- 실태, 범경험주의, 범재신론의 존재ㆍ우주론적 연결점으로서의 사건 개념 -
Philosophy of Event and Process Panentheism
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이 글의 목적은 화이트헤드의 “사건(event)” 개념에 담긴 철학적 함의를 바탕으로 하여, 과정신학의 종교적 세계관인 “범재신론(panentheism)”이 지닌 특징과 그 사상사적 의의를 분석하는 것이다. 화이트헤드는 근대철학이 사물을 “공허한 현실태(vacuous actuality)”로 보는 실체론을 전제하였기 때문에 근대의 과학과 종교의 세계관을 동시에 침식시킬 수밖에 없었다고 비판한다. 대신 화이트헤드는 존재를 “사건”으로 이해하여 사물의 유기체적 관계성을 설명하고 근대철학의 위기를 돌파하려고 하였다. 이와 마찬가지로, 과정신학자들은 화이트헤드의 사건의 철학을 채택하여, 만물과 신의 관계성에 기초한 종교적 세계관인 범재신론을 제창하며 근대의 신학적 위기를 극복하려고 시도하였다. 이 글은 사건의 철학과 범재신론의 관계를 설명하기 위해서, 화이트헤드의 사건 개념이 지닌 철학적 성취를 과정신학자들이 어떻게 계승하여 갔는지를 두 단계로 나눠 분석한다. 먼저 하트숀의 “정신주의(psychicalism)”와 그리핀의 “범경험주의(panexperientialism)”에 담긴 사건의 철학적 요소를 밝힌 후, 그 존재론적 기반 위에서 범재신론이라는 종교우주론이 어떻게 구성되는 지를 보여준다. 결론에서는 사건의 철학을 토대로 한 과정신학의 범재신론이 지닌 고유한 특징과 의의를 제시함으로써, 그것이 오늘날의 기독교 신학의 위기를 가장 근원적인 방식으로 해결할 수 있는 하나의 길임을 주장할 것이다.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to reveal the creative philosophical implications of Whitehead’s concept of “event,” and to analyze the characteristics and significance of panentheism, a religious worldview that process theologians suggest. According to Whitehead, modern philosophy presupposed the substance ontology, which regards thing as "vacuous actuality," so that it could not help but erode both scientific and religious ideas. In order to overcome such fatal error of modern philosophy, he focuses the organic interdependence among things and interprets actuality as “event.” Likewise, adopting Whitehead’s idea of event, process theologians attempt to overcome theological crises by advocating panentheism that stresses the interdependent relationship of God and the World. This paper explains the relation between the philosophy of event and process panentheism by clarifying how process theologians succeed to the philosophical implications in Whitehead’s concept of event. For this purpose, it first shows the ontological elements of the philosophy of event in Hartshorne’s concept of “psychialism” and Griffin’s “panexperientialism.” Then, demonstrated is how process panentheism is built upon such a ontological understanding. In conclusion, this paper discusses the uniqueness and significance of process panentheism and suggests that the panentheism is one of the most profound ways to solve the religious and social problems in Christian theology.
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