과정사상의 신(神) 이해 화이트헤드와 하트숀의 차이점과 공통점
God Concepts of Process Thought A Comparison of Whitehead’s and Hartshorne’s God
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이 글은 화이트헤드와 하트숀의 신론을 비교 분석함으로써 과정사상의 신 개념의 특징을 밝히려 한다. 신과 세계의 유기적인 내적 관계에 주목한 과정사상의 우주론은 실체론적 철학에 의해 직조된 전통적인 기독교 신관이 지닌 여러 난제를 해결하려 함과 동시에 19세기 중반 이후 정착된 유물론적 자연주의적 세계관에 의해 사라져 가던 신에 대한 담론을 철학의 중심 주제로 끌어들였다. 화이트헤드는 자신의 『과학과 근대세계, 1925』에서부터 신에 대한 매우 독특한 이해를 선보인 이후 점차적으로 정교화된 신론을 구성해간다. 그리고 그의 뒤를 이은 하트숀은 화이트헤드의 사상을 신학적으로 구체화하려고 하였다. 하지만 이 양자 간에 생긴 개념적 차이는 많은 과정사상가들 사이에서 다양한 논쟁을 촉발하였다. 이러한 전체적인 과정을 통해서 과정사상의 신론은 어떻게 발전되어 갔는지를 추적해보려는 이 글은 다음과 같은 질문에 답을 하려고 한다. 화이트헤드와 하트숀의 신론의 차이점은 무엇이고, 왜 그러한 차이가 생기게 되었으며, 그 차이를 통해 생겨난 철학적 긴장감을 해소하기 위해 뒤따르는 사람들은 어떠한 노력을 기울였는가?
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyze the God-concepts of Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne and thereby to articulate general characteristics of process understandings of God. The process cosmology that describes the organic internal relationship between God and the world attempts both to solve theological difficulties created by a traditional Christian supernaturalistic theism and to rehabilitate the discourse about God which has disappeared from philosophical discussions because of the strong influence of the materialistic and atheistic naturalism since mid nineteenth century. Whitehead shows a distinctive understanding of God in Science and the Modern World (1925) and gradually develops it through subsequent works. Hartshorne concretizes Whitehead`s ideas into his theological system. However, both thinkers define the concept of God differently and generate various debates among following process theologians. Therefore, this paper traces the process of the debates and reveals how process theism has been shaped by answering these questions: What is the difference between Whitehead`s and Hartshorne`s ideas of God? Why is the difference generated? How did the process theologians attempt to reduce philosophical/theological tensions caused by the difference?
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