숨은 지문의 사회학으로 본 농업집단화와 소비에트 농담민속(Jokeslore)
The Collective Farms in Both the Peasants' Hidden Transcripts and Soviet Jokeslore
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초록
본 논문은 소비에트 정부에 의해 시행된 농업집단화(коллективизация) 정책(1930-1940)과 이에 대한 농민들의 저항을 역사적으로 살펴보면서, 어떠한 반정부적 형태의 문화가 나타났는지를 점검한다. 그 예로서 정책에 반대하고 조롱하며, 농민의 반대 정서를 표출하는 내용의 각종 일화, 정치 농담, 루머, 신문 투고의 예를 소개한다. 분석의 틀로서 논문에서 이용하고 있는 이론적 바탕에는 제임스 스콧(James Scott)의 ‘공적지문과 숨은 지문,’ 클리포드 기어츠(Clifford Geertz)의 ‘문화시스템으로서의 이데올로기,’ 마지막으로 챠라 보티치(Chiara Bottici)의 ‘정치신화’ 개념 등이 있다. 이와 더불어 필자는 소비에트 러시아의 관제 정책과 권력의 유포 시스템을 ‘정치연극의 무대’로 해석하면서, 무대의 세팅(정치 포스터)과 스테이지 디렉션(권력의 행위자들이 보이는 정책과 이데올로기)이 권력의 원심력적 파급을 원조하는 배경과 정치문화 자체로 이용되었음을 밝혀 보인다.
Abstract
From the perspective of its geneology, the collectivization of peasant farms harks back to the years of 1929-1930 along with its accompanied strong and strict decrees proclaimed by Stalin. As is well known, the party drive accomplished a partial victory over the peasantry. Peasant resistance to collectivization, its diverse outputs such as political rumors about the policy and its active controller, Stalin, ridicule stories, anecdotes, gossips, petitions against the administrative agency were elsewhere in the villages as well as entire the Soviet Union from the drive's inception to its demise: 1930-1940. In short, the collective farm drive was harsh and evoked strong peasants resistance, producing ample peasant folklore, and jokeslore in particular that we have observed in this work. The primary purpose of this study, hence, is to investigate and present those stories of peasant resistance in their various and vivid pictures, drawing upon James Scottian term “hidden transcripts” employed to explore the peasant resistance and attitudes against the government in his studies in the South Asian countries. To this end, this work gleans a considerable of materials through which the whole fragmented picture of the days of collectivization are found. To use other commonly cited phrase, on the other hand, “the political theater of high Stalinism” draws upon some ‘classic attributes of a primitive ritualistic drama’: recurrent themes, stereotypical character, and symbolic settings. In this study what we have examined throughout Stalinist policies, especially through his “rural October,” is collectivization drive and its seamy sides which the policy of collectivization had brought about.
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