정치적 수단으로서의 민속학: 소련의 스탈린 시기를 중심으로
Folklore as means of politics during the Stalin era
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소련에서 민속 문화와 민속학은 정부에 의해 이데올로기를 선전하는 프로파간다로 사용되었다. 부르주아지와 부농계급의 사상을 담고 있다는 이유로 철저하게 거부되고 존재의 위협마저 겪다가, 정부와 당의 이데올로기 선전을 위한 수단으로 전락했다. 민속학자들은 정부로부터 계속해서 사상적 의심을 받았으며, 소비에트 이데올로기를 가르치는 교육자로서의 임무를 수행할 것을 강요받았다. 정치적 수단으로 전락한 스탈린 시대의 민속학은 결국 ‘가짜 민속 문화’ (pseudo -folklore, fakelore)를 만들게 되었고, 있는 그대로 대중의 문화를 사실적으로 수집, 보여주기 보다는, 이미 이데올로기에 의해 구상된 사회주의의 이상과 유토피아를 가짜 민속을 통해 보여주게 되었다. 본 연구는 조작된 민속 문화를 통해 스탈린과 소련의 지배층들은 어떻게 대중들의 사상을 통제하고 자신들의 이데올로기에 맞는 인간형을 만들어 가려 했는가를 밝히고 있다.
Abstract
During the Stalin era in the Soviet Union, folklore had a purpose to destruct the old way of life and to build communism. From the beginning of the Soviet Union in 1917 to the death of Stalin in 1953, the definition of folklore changed drastically. In the early part of the century, following the general Western view, folklorists collected traditional songs and stories from different parts of the country to preserve the traditions of various peoples. Folklore fell out of favor with the newly created Soviet government for a time, but as the government became actively involved in creating a new culture for their new society, they realized the potential of folklore as a means to achieve their goals. Soon forms, themes, symbols and devices of traditional Russian folklore were being used to glorify the lives of prominent leaders and praise scientific and technological advances under socialism. The definition of folklore in the Soviet Union was changed from a representation of the culture of a people to a prescription of what the culture should be in order to promote Soviet ideology. Throughout this study, we can learn how Soviet government use folklore as means of creating a new Soviet culture.
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