종족성의 일상적 실천: 히말라야 등반과 네팔 셰르파 종족집단의 사례
Everyday Practices of Ethnicity: A Case of the Sherpa and Himalayan Mountaineering
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본 논문은 현대 네팔에서 종족성이 일상적으로 실천되는 양상에 관한 연구다. 종족적 정체성이 지역, 직업, 대면 관계와 교차하면서 사회생활의 주요 국면을 형성하는 부분을 종족역사학적·언어인류학적 방법론을 동원하여 탐색한다. 구체적으로 본 논문은 2010년대 히말라야 산악관광 산업에 참여하고 있는 셰르파 종족집단이 독점적 지위를 구가하면서 종족적 위세를 담보하는 과정을 추적한다. 그리고 셰르파족의 산업적 성공은 19세기 중엽 네팔에서 적용된 카스트 분류체계와 연관되어 있다고 주장한다. 논문 전반부에서는 셰르파라는 종족이 형성된 과정을 문헌조사를 통해 분석한다. 네팔 북동부 솔루쿰부 디스트릭트에 16세기경 티베트 내 분쟁을 피해 남하하기 시작한 이들이 정착한 것을 필두로, 권력의 중앙집중화가 진행 중이던 티베트와 네팔 사이에서 정치적 적소를 구축하며 지역에 근거한 종족집단이 구성되기 시작했다. 다만 이들은 끊임없이 유입과 이주를 허용했다. 그들 일부는 19세기에 동쪽에 인접한 산쿠와사바 디스트릭트로 이주하였으며, 이들은 다른 지역 출신자들과 혼인하여 별도의 지역 공동체를 구성했다. 20세기 후반, 셰르파족에 대한 국제적·국가적 관심이 커지자, 이들도 초지역적인 셰르파 종족성을 주요한 정체성으로 인식하기 시작했다. 논문 후반부에서는 카트만두의 원정대행사 <세븐서밋트렉>에서 2013년도에 히말라야 원정대를 준비하는 용도로 사용했던 문건 2매를 분석한다. 여기서 단어 ‘셰르파’는 성(姓), 등반가이드 직책명, 원정대 직속 피고용인 일체 등을 지칭하는 용도로 활용되었다. 단어 셰르파가 종족과 직책 두 가지를 동시에 지칭할 수 있는 다의성을 담보하면서, 셰르파 종족집단 구성원은 위세가 따르는 히말라야 관광산업의 주요 직업군을 독점적으로 차지할 수 있었다.
Abstract
In this article I explore the ways in which ethnic identity intersects with locality, occupation, and interpersonal relationship in everyday lives of Nepal today. Specifically, I focus on the ethnicity of Sherpa people who are industrially successful in Himalayan mountaineering tourism. In the first part of the paper I examine the geopolitical processes through which early generations of Sherpas began in the sixteenth century migrating to the contemporary Solukhumbu District and later to the northern mountainous area of Sankhuwasabha District, east of Solukhumbu. This observation is followed by a brief discussion of how the essentialist view of Sherpa ethnicity is launched and practiced in the newly colonized setting. In the second part I examine two sheets of paper for expedition preparations used by Seven Summit Treks, a Kathmandu-based expedition organizer. In the sheets, the term Sherpa is employed to refer to multiple meanings, including the last name, the position of climbing guide, and the whole group of primary employees, and this is followed by a discussion of ethnic politics through which members of the Sherpa successfully manage the monopolistic approach to the industry.
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