네팔의 민주화와 종족성의 정치(2): 브라만과 체트리를 중심으로
Democratization and Ethnic Politics in Nepal (2): Focused on the Brahman and the Chhetri
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최근 네팔에서는 여러 종족 집단과 카스트들이 언어, 종교, 역사를 동원하여 자신들의 변별적인 문화적 정체성을 강화하고 있다. 이런 움직임의 이면에는 정치경제적 이해관계가 작용하고 있다. 네팔의 사회정치적 영역 전반에 걸쳐 이와 같은 종족성의 정치가 만연하고 있다. 힌두이즘이라는 이데올로기를 근간으로 ‘다양성 속의 단일성’을 추구했던 힌두 왕정이 무너지면서 다양성에 대한 인정과 요구가 넘쳐나고 있는 것이다. 여기에 더하여 정부가 공식적으로 다문화, 다언어, 다종교, 다종족/카스트 사회임을 천명한 이래, 다양성을 둘러싼 정치적 담론이 괴물처럼 네팔의 정치적․사회적 근간을 뒤흔들고 있다. 힌두이즘과 왕조국가라는 ‘상상의 공동체’로 유지되었던 왕정이 몰락하자, 종족 집단들은 지배계급에 의해 부여된 자신들의 정체성을 거부하면서 자나자티 운동을 추동했다. 종족 집단들은 자나자티 운동을 통하여 자신들이 네팔의 ‘원주민’임을 천명하고 다른 집단, 즉 카스트 힌두들을 ‘이민자’로 폄하했다. 반 브라만화에 기반을 둔 이런 주장은 상층 카스트 힌두, 즉 브라만과 체트리의 반격을 불러일으켰다. 브라만과 체트리는 자신들을 조직화하고 동시에 자신들이 문화적, 역사적으로 네팔의 ‘원주민’임을 주장했다. 브라만과 체트리를 포함한 카스트 힌두들은 결국 정부로부터 ‘카스 아르야 아디바시’라는 이름으로 원주민임을 인정받았다. 하지만 자나자티와 마찬가지로 ‘아디바시’라는 범주 내부에는 문화적 정체성과 역사적 배경이 상이한 여러 집단들이 포함되어 있다.
Abstract
In Nepal, nowadays, every ethnic groups or castes mobilize their mother tongue, race, religion or history to represent and intensify their own or differentiated cultural identity for the political and economic interests. That is, the ethnic politics are prevalent throughout the socio-political environment in Nepal. After the collapse of Hindu kingdom which aimed 'unity in diversity' under the ideology of Hinduism, the recognition and demand for the diversity has been spread out the whole nation by the people. Moreover, as the government of Nepal declares and permits the existence of multi cultures, multi languages, multi religions, and multi ethnic groups or castes within the nation, the political discourse of diversity, like a genie, does shake and disturb the political and social foundation. Since regime which based upon the 'imagined community' of Hinduism and dynasty was collapsed, the ethnic groups reject their identities which attached to them by the dominant groups and they organize Janajati movement for themselves. Through Janajati movement they claim they are 'the indigenous people' of Nepal, and the others that is caste Hindus are 'immigrants' of Nepal. These arguments which based upon the anti Brahmanism, provoke upon reverse reaction by the people of upper caste Hindu, especially the Brahman(or Bahun) and Chhetri(or Kshatriya). The Brahman and the Chhetri organize themselves and react to government that they are also the 'indigenous people' of Nepal, historically and culturally. At last, they are recognized as 'Kas Arya Adivasi', ie. indigenous people of Nepal by the government. However, inside of this category, as well as the Janajati, many different groups are included even though their difference of cultural identities and historical backgrounds.
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