라오스 2019:메콩 내륙국가에서 연계국가로의 전환
Lao PDR 2019: From Land-locked to Land Linked Country in the Mekong Region
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본 연구는 한국 내 학문적 소외지역이라고 할 수 있는 라오스의 2019년 정치․경제․외교적 변화를 살펴보고 한국과 라오스의 협력 현황을 정리하였다. 라오스 국내 정치의 변화는 미미하였으나 반(反)정부 인사의 실종과 소수 행동가의 지속적인 저항을 다루었으며 메콩 주변국과의 국경협력을 강화한 것과 러시아와의 첫 공동군사훈련이 갖는 의의에 관해 서술했다. 라오스는 메콩 유역의 26%, 메콩 유수량의 35%를 차지하는 지정학적으로 중심이 되는 국가이다. 최근 메콩 협력이 공식화되고 GMS(Greater Mekong Subregion) 프로젝트를 진행하면서 연계성이 강화되자 라오스의 지정학적 가치는 더욱 높아졌다. 특히 국내적으로 본류의 제1호, 2호 댐인 싸야부리 댐과 돈사홍 댐이 완공되고 전력생산이 시작된 전환이 되는 한 해였다. 한국 역시 메콩 협력에 있어서 라오스의 중요성을 인지하고, 2019년 9월 문재인 대통령의 라오스 방문 때 한-메콩 협력을 공식적으로 선언하였다. 2019년 11월 메콩 정상회의를 통해서 한-메콩 간의 협력 관계를 격상시킴으로써 한국과 라오스의 협력 역시 확대될 것으로 보인다. 한국이 라오스와의 협력을 추진하는 과정에서 고려해야 할 점은 개발과 환경의 균형이다. 메콩강은 아마존강에 이어 세계 2위의 생태계를 보유하고 있지만, 현재 국가·기업·국제기구의 시각은 개발을 통한 경제적 이익을 얻는데 치우쳐 있다. 2019년 메콩강 수위가 사상 최저치를 기록하는 등 환경파괴로 인한 위기감은 고조되고 있다. 특히 한국은 2018년 라오스에서 발생한 수력댐 붕괴로 인해 개발 위주 사업의 폐해와 부작용을 직접 경험한 바 있다. 따라서 개발과 경제 논리에 편향된 협력보다는 메콩강의 생태계 관리와 보호, 개발로 인해 발생하는 비용의 공유 문제 등에 관해 관심을 두고 노력할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
This article examined the political, economic, and diplomatic changes in 2019 in Laos, considered as an academically marginalized region in Korea, and summarized the mutual cooperation between Korea and Laos. Although the change in domestic politics in Laos was minor, it dealt with the disappearance of anti-government personnel and the continuous resistance of minority activists. With regard to diplomatic relation, Laos has reinforced border cooperation with neighboring Mekong countries, and the significance of the first joint military training with Russia. Laos was already a geopolitical center with 26% of the Mekong watershed and 35% of the Mekong watershed. However, the geopolitical value of Laos has increased as the Mekong cooperation has been officially formalized and the link has been strengthened as the GMS(Greater Mekong Subregion) project progressed. In particular, it was a year when the first and second dams of the mainstream, the Xayaburi Dam and the Don Sahong Dam, were completed and electricity production began to operate. Korea also recognized the importance of Laos in Mekong cooperation, and officially declared Korea-Mekong cooperation in September 2019 when President Moon Jae-in visited Laos. Through the Mekong Summit in November 2019, the cooperation between Korea and Laos is expected to expand by upgrading the cooperation between Korea and Mekong. In Korea's process of promoting cooperation with Laos, the balance between development and the environment should be considered. The Mekong River has the world’s second-largest ecosystem after the Amazon River, but the current perspective of governmental, corporate, and international organizations are focused on obtaining economic benefits through development. In 2019, the Mekong River's water level is at a record low, and environmental damage is rising. Particularly, Korea once experienced the adverse effects and side effects of development- oriented projects due to the collapse of the hydropower dam in Laos in 2018. Therefore, it should focus on the efforts to manage and protect the Mekong River ecosystem and find a balance between the development logic and the cost sharing of environment.
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