Socio-cultural identities in multilayered contexts: An ethnographic study of Tomohon, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
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The primary aim of this paper is to examine the multilayered contextsof the Tomohonese, thereby identifying how these contexts haveinfluenced the contested identities between different Tomohonesecommunities, that is between their villages or different ‘imagined’indigenous territories due to the former indigenous boundary of ‘walak’or different sub-ethnic group of origin. Given that the sub-regionalterritory-based identity of Tomohon has become apparent since theTomohonese area officially became a kotamadya on 4 August 2003, it willprimarily consider the sub-regional contexts of the contested identitiesbetween the Tomohonese communities and will not go in for the densedebate over the broader regionalist and nationalist contexts of Minahasanidentity. In doing so, it is expected to function as a countervailingethnographic evidence contesting the view of Fredrik Barth and hisadherents concerning the significance of primordial bonds and territorialboundaries in the construction of socio-cultural identities. First of all, this paper attempts to identify the ‘imagined’ historicityof Tomohon as a Minahasan community and link it with the primordialidentity of the Tomohonese. Then it will examine how spatial changes inthe external formation of Tomohon and inside their territory since theDutch colonial period have influenced the socio-cultural identities of theTomohonese. After this, it will proceed to talk about three types ofidentities, that is ‘imagined’, ‘ethno-cognitive’ and 'spatial' identities, andthen it will move on to discuss the ‘contested-ness’ among the three typesof identity. Lastly, it concludes that the 'contested-ness' depends on howthe Tomohonese perceive and define their socio-cultural identities inrelation to their socio-cultural contexts across time and space.
Abstract
The primary aim of this paper is to examine the multilayered contextsof the Tomohonese, thereby identifying how these contexts haveinfluenced the contested identities between different Tomohonesecommunities, that is between their villages or different ‘imagined’indigenous territories due to the former indigenous boundary of ‘walak’or different sub-ethnic group of origin. Given that the sub-regionalterritory-based identity of Tomohon has become apparent since theTomohonese area officially became a kotamadya on 4 August 2003, it willprimarily consider the sub-regional contexts of the contested identitiesbetween the Tomohonese communities and will not go in for the densedebate over the broader regionalist and nationalist contexts of Minahasanidentity. In doing so, it is expected to function as a countervailingethnographic evidence contesting the view of Fredrik Barth and hisadherents concerning the significance of primordial bonds and territorialboundaries in the construction of socio-cultural identities. First of all, this paper attempts to identify the ‘imagined’ historicityof Tomohon as a Minahasan community and link it with the primordialidentity of the Tomohonese. Then it will examine how spatial changes inthe external formation of Tomohon and inside their territory since theDutch colonial period have influenced the socio-cultural identities of theTomohonese. After this, it will proceed to talk about three types ofidentities, that is ‘imagined’, ‘ethno-cognitive’ and 'spatial' identities, andthen it will move on to discuss the ‘contested-ness’ among the three typesof identity. Lastly, it concludes that the 'contested-ness' depends on howthe Tomohonese perceive and define their socio-cultural identities inrelation to their socio-cultural contexts across time and space.
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