중국 법원의 방어권 침해를 이유로 하는 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행 거부에 관한 연구
A Study on the Refusal of Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards by Chinese Courts for Infringement of the Right of Defense
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뉴욕협약의 방어권 침해에 따른 외국중재판정 승인 및 집행 거부 규정은 당사자가 입증해야 하는 사유이면서도 또한 절차적 정의와 관련하여 공서양속의 일부를 이루는 것으로 법원이 직권으로 적용할 수 있는 사유이기도 하다. 이에 따라서 많은 패소 당사자들은 뉴욕협약에 규정된 방어권 침해 규정을 적극적으로 인용하여 중재판정의 승인 및 집행 거부를 요구하고 있다. 중국의 패소 당사자들도 외국중재판정의 승인 및 집행 거부를 위한 소송을 제기하면 방어권 침해를 주요 거부 사유로 주장하는 경우가 많았다. 본 논문에서는 중국 법원이 뉴욕협약의 방어권 침해 규정을 실제 어떻게 적용하고 있는지를 관련 사례의 실증적 분석을 통해 확인해 보았다. 이러한 사례 분석을 위해 본 논문은 중국 최고인민법원의 뉴욕협약에 규정된 방어권 침해 적용과 관련한 하급심 법원의 지시요청에 대한 1995년 이후 최근까지의 답변을 수집하여 분석하였다. 이러한 사례 분석을 통해 도출된 특징 및 문제점을 기초로 우리나라 당사자가 중국의 외국중재판정 승인 및 집행관련 제도를 이용하여야 하는 경우에 방어권 침해와 관련하여 유의해야할 사항을 제시하였다.
Abstract
Purpose : This paper confirmed how Chinese courts actually apply provisions on infringement of the right of defense under the New York Convention through the case analysis. Based on the characteristics and problems derived from this case analysis, this paper suggests matters to be attended and countermeasures related to the infringement of the right to defense when Korean parties have to use China's foreign arbitral award approval and enforcement system. Research design, data, methodology : This paper collects and analyzes responses of the Chinese Supreme People's Court's from courts’ instruction request related to the application of the infringement of the right of defense stipulated in the New York Convention from 1995 to latest. Results : China's Supreme People's Court agreed with the lower court's opinion that the approval and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards should be rejected through applying the infringement of the right of defense in only 4 out of 18 responses. Conclusions : There are matters to be aware of in relation to the infringement of the right to defense when Korean parties have to use China's foreign arbitral award approval and enforcement system as follows: First, the Korean party needs to respond more actively to the claim of infringement of the right to defense by the Chinese party. Second, evidence of the notice for both the appointment of an arbitrator and the arbitration procedure must be occupied. Third, it is not important whether the opportunity for defense was actually given. Fourth, even if the lower court approves the infringement of the right to defense, do not accept it and then actively respond in order to that the upper court can make an appropriate decision.
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