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중국 ‘ODA-like’와 정치적 부패- 말레이시아 동부해안철도(ECRL) 사례를 중심으로 -

China's ‘ODA-like’ and Political Corruption: Focusing on the Case of ECRL in Malaysia

최기룡|황인원
한국동남아학회|2022.11|동남아시아연구 (The Southeast Asian Review)|제32권 제4호|pp. 119-158|DOI 10.21652/kaseas.32.4.202211.119

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Corruption부패남남협력굿 거버넌스North-South CooperationGood GovernanceSouth-South Cooperation북남협력ODA-like동부해안철도1MDBEast Coast Railway
주제분류지역학

초록

중국 ODA는 ‘ODA-like’로 분류되며, 수원국 굿 거버넌스 구축에 부정적 영향을 미친다는 우려가 나타나고 있다. 문제는 중국과 수원국 사이의 계약에 투명성이 부족해 전체 영향을 파악하기 어렵다는 점이다. 말레이시아 나집(Najib Razak) 정부가 추진한 동부해안철도(ECRL, East Coast Rail Line) 건설은 이를 파악할 수 있는 중요한 사례이다. 말레이시아에서 61년 만에 수평적 정권교체를 촉발한 1MDB 부패 스캔들과 연관된 ECRL에 ‘ODA-like’가 투입되었기 때문이다. 이 논문은 ‘ODA-like’가 수원국 굿 거버넌스에 부정적 영향을 미친 과정과 의미를 다음 핵심 질문으로 분석하고자 한다. 중국 주도 남남협력은 어떤 차별성을 지니고 있는가? ‘ODA-like’가 수원국 굿 거버넌스 구축에 어떠한 맥락에서 부정적 영향을 초래하는가? 왜 말레이시아와 같은 중간소득 국가가 ‘ODA -like’와 연결된 정치적 부패에 노출될 수밖에 없었는가? 이 연구에서 제기한 문제들은 북남협력의 대안 모델로 평가받는 중국 국제개발협력의 긍정적 및 부정적 측면을 분석하는데 많은 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

Abstract

China’s ODA is classified as ‘ODA-like’, and there are concerns that it has a negative impact on the establishment of good governance in the recipient country. The problem is that it is difficult to grasp the overall impact due to a lack of transparency in contracts between China and recipient country. The construction of the East Coast Rail Line(ECRL) promoted by the Najib Razak government in Malaysia is an important example for understanding this. This is because ‘ODA-like’ was put into ECRL related to the 1MDB corruption scandal that triggered the first horizontal regime change in Malaysia in 61 years. This paper aims to analyze the process and meaning of ‘ODA-like’ negatively affecting the good governance of the recipient country with the following key questions. What distinguishes China-led South-South Cooperation? In what context does ‘ODA-like’ have a negative impact on the establishment of good governance in the recipient country? Why is a middle-income country like Malaysia forced to be exposed to political corruption linked to ‘ODA-like’? The issues raised in this study will provide many implications for analyzing the positive and negative aspects of China's international development cooperation, which is evaluated as an alternative model for north-south cooperation.

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