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인도네시아 말루쿠의 시와/리마 마을 동맹 연구

A Study on the Siwa/Lima Village Alliances in Maluku, Indonesia

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한국동남아학회|2024.08|동남아시아연구 (The Southeast Asian Review)|제34권 제3호|pp. 91-127

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참고문헌

키워드

인도네시아IndonesiaMaluku관습운동마을 동맹말루쿠울리리마울리시와추치파리기파타리마파타시와.adat movementscuci parigipatalimapatasiwaulilimaulisiwavillage alliance.
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초록

이 논문은 인도네시아 동부에 위치한 말루쿠주의 여러 마을 의례에서 반복적으로 표현되는 숫자 9와 5의 의미를 밝히고, 이것이 가진 현재적 중요성을 고찰하려는 목적을 가진다. 이 숫자들은 말루쿠 지역 전체에 존재하던 두 타입의 마을 동맹인 파타시와(울리시와)와 파타리마(울리리마)를 상징한다. 이 마을 동맹들은 전근대 시기에 육두구 무역을 관장했으며, 유럽 상인들과 무역 전쟁을 치렀다. 두 동맹의 주민들은 서로를 머리사냥하며 적대적 관계를 유지했지만, 동맹 내에서는 상호부조의 전통이 발전했다. 식민시기에 시와 그룹이 유럽 세력과 동맹을 맺으면서 기독교화가 진행되었고, 이슬람을 수용한 리마 그룹과의 구분에 종교적 색채가 가해지기 시작했다. 현대에 들어와 타지 무슬림들이 기독교 중심의 말루쿠에 대거 유입되면서 토착인-외지인 갈등이 내재되었다. 1999년에 수하르토의 하야 이후 공권력이 무너지자 이 갈등이 이슬람-기독교 세력 간 종교전쟁으로 폭발하였다. 폭력이 가라앉자, 미래의 종교/종족 간 폭력을 방지하고자 소위 관습 운동(adat movements) 들이 유행하게 되었으며, 과거 머리사냥을 대표하던 마을 동맹은 종교 그룹 간 증오를 상쇄시킬 수 있는 대안으로 부상했다. 현대의 마을 동맹과 관련한 의례에서는 의식적으로 기독교와 무슬림 마을을 아우르고 있으며, 상호 부조 기능을 강화하고 있다.

Abstract

This paper aims to elucidate the meanings of the village alliances known as the Patasiwa (Ulisiwa) and Patalima (Ulilima) in Maluku, Indonesia, and explores their contemporary significance in the region. In the pre-modern period, these village alliances managed the nutmeg trade and were engaged in trade wars with European merchants. The residents of the two alliances maintained hostile relationships, engaging in headhunting, while within the alliances, traditions of mutual aid developed. During the colonial period, the Siwa alliance aligned with European powers and underwent Christianization, while the Lima group adopted Islam. After that, the division of the two alliances was characterized by religious differences. In contemporary era, the massive influx of Muslim migrants into the predominantly Christian Maluku heightened conflicts between indigenous people and outsiders. After Suharto's resignation in 1999, these immanent tension escalated into a religious war between Islamic and Christian forces. As the violence subsided, a movement to prevent future religious and ethnic violence through reviving the customary practices became popular, and the village alliances, once representing headhunting, emerged as an alternative that could bridge religious differences. In contemporary rituals related to village alliances, efforts are consciously made to include both Christian and Muslim villages, thereby strengthening the functions of mutual aid and protection.

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