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인도네시아 전통시대의 조상숭배와 신분 제도 연구: 동부 지역을 중심으로

A Study of Ancestor Worship and Social Divisions in the Pre-modern Indonesia:Focusing on Its Eastern Part

송승원
한국동남아학회|2023.11|동남아시아연구 (The Southeast Asian Review)|제33권 제4호|pp. 165-200

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참고문헌

키워드

인도네시아Indonesia이주migration조상숭배Ancestor worship오스트로네시아 문화도래 우선순위이방인 군주토착 세력Austronesian cultureindigenous forceprecedence order of arrivalstranger- kingship
주제분류지역학

초록

이 연구는 오스트로네시아 세계에서 공통으로 목도되는 이주(migration)를 개념적 중추로 하는 사회적 신분구조가 어떤 식으로 전근대기의 인도네시아 사례에 나타나는가를 추적한다. 이 시기에 인도네시아의 수많은 사회에서는 귀족과 관습그룹이라는 두 계층의 엘리트가 존재했다. 이들의 관계는 원칙적으로 이주 순서에 따른 도래 우선순위를 바탕으로 형성되었는데, 관습 그룹은 지역에 최초로 도래한 씨족의 후손들이며, 귀족은 사회가 확장되고 왕조가 발달하면서 지역사회에 활기를 불어넣어 줄 문명권 출신의 이방인 (후속 이주 세력)에게 정치권력을 이양한 결과 형성된 경우가 많았다. 역사적 흐름 속에서 귀족 그룹은 관습 그룹을 제치고 정치권력을 독점하는 사례가 많았지만 오스트로네시아적인 원문화가 비교적 강하게 유지되었던 동부 인도네시아의 왕조들에서는 관습 그룹이 왕실 관료로 행정에 참여하는 예도 있었다. 북말루꾸의 띠도레 사례에서 볼 수 있듯, 관습 그룹은 토착민으로서 “땅의 주인”이라는 타이틀과 함께 조상신 숭배를 담당하는 경우가 많았다. 술탄들은 이슬람의 수장이었지만 조상신 숭배에 참여함으로써 토착성으로부터 뿜어져 나오는 축복을 구하는 의무를 지켜야 했다. 이런 차원에서 인도네시아의 조상신 숭배는 토착 세력이 후속 이주 그룹에 대하여 그들의 권위와 신분을 유지하는 메커니즘의 일환이었다.

Abstract

This research explores how social hierarchies centered around the common concept of “migration” often found in the Austronesian cultural sphere, are manifested in the Indonesian context. In the pre-modern era, many societies in Indonesia had two elite strata: nobility and adat (customary) groups. Their relationship was primarily based on the precedence order of arrival, with adat group being the descendants of the first arrivals in the region, while the nobility often emerged as a result of the expansion of society and the development of monarchies, bestowing political power upon latecomers from the civilized world. Throughout the historical trajectory, there were numerous instances where the nobility group dominated political power over the adat group. However, in the eastern Indonesian dynasties where Austronesian indigenous culture remained relatively strong, there were cases where the adat group also participated in administration as royal officials. As seen in the case of Tidore in North Maluku, the customary group held the title of “lords of the land” as indigenous people and were responsible for ancestor worship. Although they were Islamic leaders, the sultans had an obligation to participate in ancestor worship to seek blessings emanating from indigeneity. In this context, ancestor worship in Indonesia served as a mechanism for indigenous forces to maintain their authority over subsequent immigrant groups.

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