인도네시아 서부 술라웨시의 만다르 연방과 고지대-저지대 관계
A Study of the Mandar Confederation and Upland-Lowland Relations in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
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이 논문은 인도네시아의 서부 술라웨시 지역의 기원신화와 조약의 분석을 통해 이 지역에 전근대 시기에 존재했던 만다르 연방의 수립의 배경과 성격을 분석한다. 수많은 연방 연구 중에서 만다르 연방은 독특한 위치를 차지한다. 총 14개의 회원국 중 절반은 해안가 저지대에 위치한 이슬람 왕국이었고, 나머지 절반은 산악 고지대에 위치하며 조상숭배를 유지한 촌락 공동체라는 이질적 범주의 결합이었기 때문이다. 고지대-저지대는 문화적으로 단절적인 양상을 보이지만 사실 공고한 무역 관계로 연결되어 있었다. 만다르 연방은 16세기부터 17세기에 이르는 시기에 남부 술라웨시의 마카사르, 부기스족, 그리고 새로이 지역의 강력한 세력으로 등장한 네덜란드 동인도회사 간에 국제무역을 둘러싼 패권 경쟁이 시작되자 외적의 침입으로부터 공동 항거하기 위한 목적으로 결성되었다. 그러나 저지대-고지대 관계에서 가장 중요한 원칙이었던 내정 불간섭과 자치적 운영은 일관성있게 수호되었음을 연방의 조약 분석을 통해 살펴볼 수 있다. 또한 연방국들은 회원국을 공통의 조상으로부터 갈라졌다는 기원 신화를 공유하고, 각 국가가 가족의 유기적인 멤버임을 강조하는 내러티브를 통해 공동운명체임을 강조하고 있다.
Abstract
This article analyzes the background and nature of the Mandar Confederation, which had existed in the pre-modern West Sulawesi region in Indonesia. For this aim, I have analyzed several origin myths and treaties. Among numerous confederations of the time, the Mandar Confederation occupies a unique position. Of the 14 member states, half were the Islamic kingdoms located in the coastal lowlands, while the other half were the village-level societies in the mountainous uplands. The latter maintained ancestral worships and other animistic traditions such as head-hunting. Although the upland-lowlands were culturally different, they were deeply connected through strong trade relations. From the 16th to the mid-17th centuries, the Makassar and the Bugis people in the coastal region of South Sulawesi and the Dutch East Indies Company began fierce competition for hegemony over international trade. In order to protect themselves from the expansionist outsiders, the Mandarese established the confederation. The origin narratives and treaties show that principles of non-interference in internal affairs of each region and autonomous rules were consistently upheld. In addition, the confederate states shared the myth of same origin and emphasized that they were the organic members of a family as a way of intensifying their sense of cooperation.
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