고려시대 紅牌의 양식과 특징- 「장량수홍패」를 중심으로 -

Abstract

This paper is to study about the forms and features of hongpae in Koryo dynasty. We have six cases of hongpae from Koryo Dynasty, and especially Jangryangsuhongpae(張良守紅牌) was a document which was introduced into Koryo from Song. It was called chikcheop(勅牒) and utilized a certificate of success to state examination in Song. Jangryangsuhongpae was similar form compared to yuhachikcheop(劉嘏勅牒) which was a certificate of success to state examination in North Song. The date of issuance and document type were 'era, year, month, date, cheop(牒)' and the responsible officials were 'offices, last name'. These were almost the same form between two documents. But Koryo used Kyo(敎) instead of the term Chik(勅), so the authority of Koryo chikcheop was lower than the Dang-Song's. In the similar background, they used 'permit'(可) instead of 'ought to give'(宜賜) which was the term assent to pass an exam. Bangbongjinchikcheop(方逢辰勅牒) was a document used in South Song, and was the same form compared to Yuhachikcheop. But the responsible office was not jungseomunwha but sangseosung. In contrast, the responsible office was constantly jungseomunwhasung until king chungryeol in Koryo, so jangryangsuhongpae could be recorded jungseomunwhasung with the responsible office. But the style of handwriting of Jangryangsuhongpae was affected by chikcheop in South Song. The handwriting of responsible officials of sangseoseongchikcheop in South Song,was big and flat, and Jangryangsuhongpae was almost the same shape. Jangryangsuhongpae was a Yebu-exam hongpae. Because the byeonggoageubje(丙科及第)was a Yebu-exam score and gongwon(貢院) recorded in the document was a office organized Yebu-exam. Jangryangsuhongpae and Janggyehongpae were all Yebu-exam hongpae, but the forms were different. The latter of which was issued after king chungryeol. At that time, The politics of Koryo was interfered by Yuan. As chikcheop used in Yuan couldn't utilize in Koryo, so the form of hongpae changed. Just the document form emphasized the king's power to pick out officials, this trend was more intensive in Chosun dynasty and hongpae was settled in the form wangji(王旨) or kyoji(敎旨).