조선시대 임명관련 敎旨의 문서형식

Abstract

This article examins the document formats of the Kings' appointment letters of Joseon period without the screening of the personnel officials. In Joseon period, there were various kinds of King's letters but for the purpose of appointment letters there were 3 kinds: civil and military officials with the 4th and higher ranks(文武官四品以上告身), wives of officials with 3rd and higher ranks (堂上官妻告身), deceased first and 2nd rank officials promoted to a higher rank because of the merits of the decendants(追贈). The document formats were recorded in Gyeonggukdaejeon(『經國大典』), published in 1485, after several discussions. They were revised and supplemented in Daejeontongpyeon(『大典通編』 published in 1785 and Jeonyultongbo(『典律通補』) The findings were that the format in Gyeonggukdaejeon(『經國大典』) had the basic facts of a recipient, a position and date. However the format in Jeonyultongbo(『典律通補』) was supplemented with specifying irregular appointment process and the equal placement of Joseon kings' and the Chinese emperors' chronological year names, etc. The noticiable fact is that the reason of appointments was not included in the main text but written in small characters in the right and left sides of the date, thus the main text was concise only with the fact of appointment. In addition to the formats recorded in the books, there were customary formats reflecting the periodic changes in national identity, national policies and formalities, and administrative convenience. If we examine more closely, in the official books, investiture and position were required to be written, but in reality there were cases that only one of them was recorded. The charcters symbolizing kings and the country (宗廟, 社稷, 傳, 敎, 實錄, 上言, 判下, 大報壇, 陵․園․宮名, 王世子, 經筵, 贈, etc.) were honorified. After the invasion of Ching China, the refusal of using Chinese chronological year name was observed temporarily due to the anti-Ching setiment. In addition to that, on the appointment letters of anti-Ching persons, a king permitted to use a sexagenary cycle 干支 instead of the Chinese year name. Further, this article examined the changes in the patterns of kings' seals. The small characters written in the left side of the back page denoted the writer of the letters. They were proxies of Ijo 吏曹 and Byeongjo 兵曹 ministries, related to family clans and individuals and specialized in writing documents.