화서학파의 양명학 비판 양상 연구 - 이항로, 김평묵, 유인석을 중심으로 -

Abstract

Joseon at the end of the 19th century, when the Hwaseo School was mainly active, was a period of political, economic, and social chaos internally. Political turmoil ensued from familial politics spanning over 50 years, causing continued hardship for the people amidst the chaos of governance by three different authorities. Externally, following the port's opening in 1876, the introduction of Western culture led to a significant cultural and economic crisis. In addition, due to the oppression of Japanese imperialism, it was very difficult both inside and outside the country. The ruling class faced a dilemma between isolation and openness. During this period of rapid change, Neo-Confucianist Lee Hang-ro and his followers at the Hwaseo School dedicated themselves to strengthening Neo-Confucianism. Their goal was to resist the encroachment of foreign powers and reformulate their doctrines to counter Western influence, thereby safeguarding social order from potential collapse. The Hwaseo School took the lead and tried to protect the order of Neo-Confucianism by showing a practice-oriented appearance leading to the “WijongCheoksa(衛正斥邪) Ideology” and “patriotic soldier” to keep the orthodox school, so if you look at the suspension that the Hwaseo School refers to, you can see that they have set the study of Zhu-zi’s as “the orthodox school” as they studied with the foundation of Zhu-zi Studies. The criticisms of Yang-ming Studies were extracted from Lee Hang- ro(1792-1868)’s《The Collection of Hwaseo》, Kim Pyeong-mook(1819-1891)’s《The Collection of Jungam》, and Yu In-seok(1842-1915)’s《The Collection of Uiam》. They were divided into critiques of Wang Su-in, the concept of Mind as Principle(心即理), and the realization of innate knowledge(致良知). This study is meaningful in that it is possible to confirm the criticism pattern of Yangmingism of the Hwaseo School, which has not been directly studied, and to examine one aspect of Yangmingism criticism in the 19th century.