대금의 상징성

Abstract

The name of taegŭm 大笒, a large transverse flute of Korean tradition, appears first in Samguk sagi 『三國史記』 (History of the Three Kingdoms) in 1145. Since then, the instrument has been actively played and its music transmitted in Korea. It is characterized by its unique timbre and distinct and deep sounds, with an extra hole covered with a thin membrane called chŏng 淸 (lit., clear or high). With a timbre different from that of p'iri 觱篥 (oboe) playing a principal melody, taegŭm makes music more voluminous. It plays not only court music, and folk music such as solo instrumental music called sanjo 散調 and folk songs, but also shamanistic music called sinawi 시나위. In this paper, I research on the symbol of taegŭm with a focus on 1) Manp'a sikchŏk 萬波息笛 (the Flute to calm Ten-Thousands Waves) story in Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa 『三國遺事』 (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms) and 2) the word of ch'ilsŏng 七星 in chilsŏnggong 七星孔 (lit. seven star holes) and its association with the Great Dipper, 3) how taegŭm is represented in the folk rituals and its related materials. The results is as follows. 1) The Mamp'a sikchŏk, a holy instrument in these legends, is associated with the taegŭm. It can be said that the taegŭm had a function to protect the nation from invasion of foreign enemies such as Japanese pirates, and from domestic conflict. 2) The ch'ilsŏng-kuan 七星管 (qixing-guan in Chinese, lit., seven star pipe) in Cheng Yang's 陳暘 Yueshu 『樂書』 is similar to the taegŭm. The word, 'ch'ilsŏng' in ch'ilsŏnggong is associated with the Great Dipper. There are several traditional folk rituals for the Great Dipper. From the Samguk yusa story that Kim Yu-sin 金庾信 who also appears in the story of the Mamp'a sikchŏk, was born with a pattern of the Great Dipper on his back, we can assume that the name of chilsŏnggong has a long history. 3) The folk rituals and materials show that the taegŭm is used as a magical prop in a shamanistic ritual such as pyŏlsingut 별신굿 (village shamanistic ritual) of the South coastal area. In the ritual, yŏngsinak 迎神樂 (music of welcoming spirits) and songsinak 送神樂 (music of sending off spirits) is played on taegŭm. Also, in the shamanistic shrine of Taeri village of Wi island in Northern Chŏlla province 全羅北道, there is a painting of 'Okchŏ 옥저 lady' as one of about twelve deities. The Okchŏ lady is depicted playing the wind instrument similar to taegŭm. In shamanistic ritual texts in Seoul and Kyŏnggi 京畿 region, shamanistic deities are often depicted with wind instruments including taegŭm. Also, in some funerals such as those in Namhae 南海, the taegŭm players lead the funeral bier and its players in a wooden form appear as the ornaments on the funeral bier. In conclusion, the Mamp'a sikchŏk is associated with taegŭm and the name of ch'ilsŏng in the word of ch'ilsŏnggong means the Great Dipper which people worship in a folk religion. It is related with the fact that the taegŭm is used as a symbol to invite spirits, protect people from evil and lead the dead to the heaven in the folk ritual.