삼국시대 및 통일신라 초기의 횡취관악기에 대한 고찰

Abstract

The first record about wind instruments in the Korean peninsula dates back to a latter phase of the Three Kingdoms period. What must be noted is that the time at which hoengjŏk 橫笛(transverse flutes) appeared in Koguryŏ, Paekche and Silla is different. Therefore, the author limited the time frame of this study from the period of the Three Kingdoms period to the early stage of the Unified Silla period. This study investigated and discussed hoengjŏk of Koguryŏ, Paekche and Silla through examination of historical literatures as well as investigation and analysis of the related cultures. As such, this study aimed at providing basic data for a study of the origin of taegŭm 大笒(large bamboo flute) by systematically organizing the types of hoengjŏk and the methods of playing them through investigation and analysis of literatures and the related cultures. In the course of investigating historical literatures, the author discovered different records in Chinese and Japanese literatures although they both targeted the records of Koguryŏ, Paekche and Silla. A common point between the literatures of China and Japan is that they both do not have records about hoengjŏk from Silla. However, there are records about hoengjŏk from Koguryŏ and Paekche, and China and Japan use different names for the instruments. Chinese literatures consistently use the term chŏk 笛 for Paekche's hoengjŏk. However, a variety of terms are used for the hoengjŏk of Koguryŏ. In Japanese literatures, hoengjŏk is consistently used to refer to all hoengjŏk from both Koguryŏ and Paekche. In examining the cultures associated with hoengjŏk in the period of the Three Han States (Samhan 三韓), the author discovered differences in hoengjŏk of Koguryŏ, Paekche and Silla. For example, Koguryŏ's hoengjŏk had a long tube and its diameter was smaller than those of Paekche and Silla. In addition, the angle between the body and the head of the instrument was almost 90 degrees. These findings indicate that Koguryŏ's hoengjŏk were very similar to those of China at the time. The tubes of hoengjŏk in Paekche and Silla were also relatively long. However, their diameters were larger than that of Koguryŏ's. In addition, the angles between the heads and the bodies were also differentiated from those of Koguryŏ. A particularly noteworthy finding is that the hoengjŏk from Silla wolji tonggung kŭmdong p'anbul (新羅月池東宮 金銅板佛) is preserved in the unique shape of bamboo and the head does not show any traces of carvings. These are very similar features to those of taegŭm in the Korean peninsula. In addition, this hoengjŏk is distinguished from those with relatively elaborate carvings found in China during the same period.