조선시대 천왕문의 성립 배경과 확산 과정

Abstract

In this paper, the time of appearance of the temple gate dedicated to the sacred image(尊像) and its process of settling down down in the Buddhist temple area(寺域) have been examined periodically through the appearance of the entrance gate of the Buddhist temple, which enshrined the sacred image (of Buddha) before the construction of the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings(四天王). Most of the remaining buildings of the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings have been built since the 17th century, and Hoeamsa Temple Site Complex 4 from the 15th century is considered to be its oldest clue to the structure and style of civil engineering architecture in the past. This paper begins by periodical examination of the case on the entrance gate which enshrined the sacred image before the construction of the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings. The existence of the gate which enshrined the sacred image was confirmed by assuming that a Vajrapani(金剛力士) has been enshrined in the middle gate through the discovery of pedestals found in each one of the two square spaces which are located at both sides of the middle gate of Hwangnyongsa Temple Site(皇龍寺址) in Gyeongju. The example of arranging two statues in the middle gate of Horyuji Temple(法隆寺) in Japan at the same time and the record that Sageumgang(四力士) and four lions(四獅子) were enshrined at Yeongnyeongsa Temple(永寧寺) in 『Nakyanggaramgi』(『洛陽伽藍記』) indicate that the sacred image was already enshrined at the gates of ancient East Asian temples. Furthermore, it is considered that the gate, which enshrined the sacred image, had already been erected throughout East Asia before by the following reasons: The left and right sacred images were already enshrined in the middle gate of painter Jang Taek-dan's CheongmyeongSanghado(淸明上河圖) from a Temple of the Northern Song Dynasty and in the Dongdaesa Beophwadang Jipgeumgang(東大寺 法華堂 執金剛神像) Shrine, built in the 8th century, as the only image. The temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings was built in many temples as the San Moon system(山門體系) was established in the late Joseon Dynasty. Previous studies mostly claim that it was spread by Byeokam Gakseong(碧巖覺性), who led the temple reconstruction activities after the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. Accordingly, the Buddhist temples where Byeokam Gakseong supervised have been examined, and there were some parts that are difficult to judge that it’s been organized by Byeokam Gakseong. Consequently, it was hard to see Byeokam Gakseong as the only reason for the spread of the construction of the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings. Accordingly, other factors related to its spread were studied, and the relationship with 'ritual' practiced in temples in the late Joseon Dynasty was examined based on previous studies. The temples that were destroyed by several wars, including the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 and the Manchu War of 1636, were rebuilt, and the temple's layout in the late Joseon Dynasty was mainly composed of Garam consisting of four buildings, with the yard at the center, the front and rear gate in the Buddhist temple, and the two temple dormitories on the left and right. In temples equipped with a medium-sized layout, the main gate appears in front of the Buddhist temple, which is presumed to be utilized as the space connected to the yard when a large-scale Buddhist ceremony or ritual is held. In addition to the main gate, Four Guardian Statutes Gate(天王門), The Diamond Deva Gate(金剛門), and Oesamun Gate (外寺門) appeared in the Jibansamjuyasipchildanbaeseoljido (「志磐三晝夜十七壇排設圖」) of the CheonjiMyeongyangSuryukjaeBeomeumsanbojip (『天地冥陽水陸齋儀纂要』), and proved that the ritual affected the formation of Sanmun(山門). Therefore, the settlement and spread of Sanmun and the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings is thought have close correlation with the outdoor ritual practiced in the temple. Until now, the study of the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings has been conducted mainly on sculptors, and only one type of entrance gate was studied in the history of architecture, so it was not recognized as the main palace that enshrined the sacred image. Consequently, this article summarized previous studies together, and new data were added to organize foundational data for the study of the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings First, the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings was defined as a complex type of palace gate’s characteristics where the sacred image has been enshrined. Then, the period of appearance of the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings’ and its process of settling down and spreading in the region were examined periodically. Many parts require follow up studies in the future. However, this study is meaningful in that the basic data of the overall the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings research were built and examined by putting the study results of each area together and supplementing its research. Follow up studies on the following areas are expected: the arrangement type and architectural style of the temple gate dedicated to the four Guardian Kings during the Joseon Dynasty, and the relationship with the architecture of the temple dedicated to the four Guardian Kings in China.