15세기 플랑드르 제단화와 싸이코스타시아 연구 : 저울, 영혼, 미카엘 대 천사를 중심으로

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to classify that the <Psychostasia> iconography was the church’s visual system to control and manage the Christians in the God-centered Medieval Christian society from a social and religious point of view and was a physical tool for an eternity of rich merchant class’s souls in the 15th century when the Christianity got humanized, as the study on the Psychostasia iconography shown in the history of western art after the Middle Ages. According to the Christian doctrine, the Christianity’s <Psychostasia> iconography which means a scene that Michael, the Archangel weighs the soul revived from a tomb on the scales in order to make judgment on the day of judgment before sending the soul to heaven or hell showed a diversity of transitions by period and area in the history of western art from the Middle Ages to the 15th century. That is, <Psychostasia> iconography which appeared as a single theme through a capital sculpture in the 12th century’s France accepted various motives in the period of Romanesque Style developed along with pilgrimage road late in the 12th century, and was absorbed into the iconography of <Last Judgment> which showed a general and very complicated structure from the viewpoint of iconography and style. Then, it was developed the most fearful iconography to Christians. Having the origin in the Ancient Egypt and Greece, <Psychostasia> iconography of the Christianity was composed of three factors of the scale, soul, and judge. Among these motives, the scale was a symbol of the goddess of Justice which anthropomorphized a concept of “Justisia” appeared for keeping the social order in the Ancient society. However, such the scale of justice was accepted into the Christian society and modified according to the Christian doctrine. Then, it became the most symbolic tool to weigh the soul revived as ‘Good and Evil’ which became the standard of judgment on the last day of judgment. Accordingly, <Psychostasia> iconography with the scale motive was largely developed into the effective iconography which can control Christian people by church in the God-centered Christian society. Its representative example is <Psychostasia> iconography shown in the <Last Judgment> as the tympanum sculpture of the 12th century’s Romanesque Style. In particular, since the bourgeoisie with the thought of material who grew rich through a commercial activity appeared as a supporter, <Psychostasia> iconography is the important iconography in the Christian iconography which causes a secularization of religion through a realism painting in their preferred altarpiece ordered for the purpose of the eternity of their souls.