국제합작투자에서 합작기업 자율성의 관계적 원천
Relational Sources of Autonomy in International Joint Ventures
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본 연구에서는 복수의 모기업들이 제 3의 조직인 합작기업을 설립하여 협력하는 특수한 형태의 기업 간 협력인 국제합작투자에서 파트너 모기업이 합작기업에 자율성을 부여하는 정도에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 파트너 모기업들 간 사회관계적 관점에서 분석한다. 특히 문화와 제도적 배경이 다른 외국 기업과의 국제합작투자에서는 기회주의적 행동의 가능성에 대한 감시와 제재가 어렵기 때문에 합작기업의 경영과정에 대한 통제 필요성이 증대한다. 그러나 합작기업에 대한 모기업의 철저한 직접적 통제는 높은 비효율성을 발생시키므로 적정 수준의 합작기업 자율성 선택이 필요하다. 주로 지분이나 공식 구조적 메커니즘의 영향력에 관심을 가졌던 기존 연구들과 달리 본 연구는 파트너 모기업들 간 사회관계적 요인들에 초점을 맞추어 합작기업 자율성의 결정요인을 분석한다. 또한 모기업과 합작기업 간 관계에 주로 초점을 맞추었던 기존 관계기반 연구들과도 달리 본 연구는 두 파트너 모기업 간 관계에 초점을 맞춘다. 218개 국제합작기업들에 대한 실증연구의 결과, 국제합작기업의 자율성은 파트너 간 대인관계 네트워크의 질, 관계 특화적 몰입, 그리고 파트너 경영진에 대한 신뢰에 의해 모두 정(+)의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 파트너 경영진에 대한 신뢰가 가지는 정(+)의 영향은 합작기업의 환경 불확실성이 높아짐에 따라 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다.
Abstract
This paper examines various sources of autonomy that parent companies grant to the focal joint venture, which is a special type of interfirm cooperation based on the co-founding of a third organization. The autonomy of the joint venture entity is a particularly sensitive issue in the area of international joint ventures given that parent companies from different cultural and institutional backgrounds not only cooperate with each other but are also prone to opportunistic behaviors. Existing studies have primarily focused on the effects of formal control mechanisms, such as equity and coordination devices in determining joint venture autonomy. However, heavy reliance on such formal control mechanisms has shortcomings in that they may incur serious inefficiencies. By contrast, this paper analyzes the social relationship between business partners as a source of joint venture autonomy. Unlike other earlier studies that have focused on the relationship between two partner companies and joint ventures, this paper focuses on the relationship between two partners that are parent companies. According to the results of our empirical study that examined 218 international joint ventures, joint venture autonomy was positively affected by the quality of interpersonal networks between partners, the degree of relationship-specific commitment, and level of trust in partner managers. It was interesting to note however, that the positive effects of trust decreased as environmental uncertainties increased.
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