인도 IT서비스 기업의 글로벌 전략: LLL이론을 중심으로
Internationalization Strategies of Indian IT Service MNEs: LLL Theory
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인도의 다국적 기업은 지난 10년간 상당한 성장세를 보여 왔다. 2016년에 인도의 8개 다국적 기업이 포춘지선정 500개 기업에 진입했고, 글로벌 브랜드 선정에서 5개의 인도의 기업 브랜드가 선정되었다. 보스턴 컨설팅산하의 BCG에서 선정한 BCG 100에 19개의 인도 기업이 이름을 올렸다. 물론 이 수치가 중국과 비교하였을때는 적은 수치지만 중국과 다르게 인도는 진출지역이 북미나 유럽에 집중되어 있다는 점에서 다른 양상을 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인도 신흥국 다국적 기업 중에서 글로벌 네트워크가 구축되어 있는 IT서비스 분야가 Mathews 의 LLL이론을 적용하기에 상당히 적합하다고 판단되어 성과 도출이 가능한 인도 IT서비스 기업인 TCS와 Wipro 에 대해 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 기존 연구에서 다소 부족했던 연계(Linkage)와 영향력(Leverage)에 대해 인도 IT서비스의 급속한 글로벌화를 통하여 구체적인 사례를 통해 검증할 수 있었다. LLL이론 검증의 구체적인 실증물로 TCS는 Global Delivery Model과 Wipro는 기술 인프라 서비스 아카데미와 글로벌 캠퍼스 프로그램을 통해서 LLL이론의 각 요인들이 상호작용하면서, 구체적인 성과를 달성하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.
Abstract
Indian MNEs have grown considerably in the last 10 years. According to various studies, in 2016, eight Indian multinationals featured in Global Fortune 500, five in the world’s most valuable global brands, and nineteen in Boston Consulting Group’s BCG 100 new Global Challengers. While these figures are low compared to China, but unlike China, Indian outward FDI is mostly driven by private firms and is more distributed across a variety of sectors. In this paper, our premise has been that we do not see all MNEs as equal. There are firms that expand internationally with all the advantages that being located in Europe or the US or Japan can bestow upon them – their access to markets, to technologies, to finance, etc. We single out indian MNEs precisely because they do not have access to these advantages. Everyone knows IT services industry in India has grown and contributed to the economic growth of India, but very few people know the fact that Indian MNEs have played an important role for internationalization. This paper focuses on the analysis of internationalization by Indian MNEs, posing the framework of the internationalization process by MNEs in emerging countries. In this paper, we position a foreign IT service development affiliation as an intermediary between production and sales one, and explain internationalization strategies of MNEs from the view of Mathews’ LLL theory. We also unveil the structure of their internationalization by applying LLL theory to Indian MNEs. The validity of the structure is tested by examining the individual cases of TCS and Wipro, which are typical types of Indian MNEs. There is thus a powerful justification for conceptualizing emerging market MNEs such as those from India as different from the MNEs that expand from the advanced world. The framework we utilize has been validated in many other studies, particularly on firms expanding from East Asia. We make our own contribution by extending this range of applications to India, thereby opening up this body of emerging firms to strategic analysis utilizing LLL framework.
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