창조 기사의 땅 이야기: 불의에 저항하며 황폐해 가는 땅
The Earth Story in the Creation Narratives: Earth Allows Itself Wasted, Resisting Human Injustice
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초록
최근의 환경담론에서 자연은 종종 주체로 생각된다-자연이 인류에게 반격을 가한다!. 히브리 성서는 자연/땅(에레츠)의 주체성에 대해 익히 알고 있다. 이 연구를 수행하는 나의 목적은 창세기 1-4장에 있는 두 개의 창조 설화와 가인과 아벨 이야기에서 땅의 주체성과 인류와의 관계역학을 발굴해내는 것이다. 방법론으로는 생태해석학, 페미니스트 비평, 내러티브 비평이 주로 사용된다. 땅의 관점에서 이야기를 읽으면서 나는 땅이 묘사된 방식, 땅에게 목소리가 주어지는지, 그렇지 않은지, 주체성이 주어지는지 빼앗기는지에 관심을 갖는다. 창세기의 땅 묘사는 창조 이전, 창조 과정, 창조 후 에덴, 에덴 밖의 네 곳에서 읽어낸다. 창조이전 땅은 비활성화된 생명의 잠재력이 가득한 어떤 것이다. 창조 과정에서 땅은 엘로힘의 창조에 동역자 역할을 한다. 에덴에서 땅은 그 기운을 마음껏 사용한다. 첫 번째 사람들이 불순종하였을 때 땅은 아담(인간)이 땅에 고된 노동을 쏟아부을 때에만 그 힘을 제한적으로 준다. 가인이 아벨을 살해하자 땅은 아벨의 피를 받아 마시고 그 자신의 힘을 더욱 제한한다. 땅은 살인자 가인과 그의 후손에게 그의 힘을 전혀 주지 않는다. 창세기 1-4장에서 관찰된 땅과 인간의 관계 변화는 땅이 인간의 죄와 불의에 저항하며 스스로 황폐해간다는 것을 보여준다.
Abstract
In recent ecological discourses, nature is often conceived as an agent—nature strikes back at humanity! The Hebrew Bible is no stranger to the agency of nature, or Earth (erets). My purpose in reading the two creation narratives and the story of Cain and Abel in Genesis 1-4 is to uncover the agency of Earth and its relational dynamics with humanity. I primarily utilize ecological hermeneutics, feminist criticism, and narrative criticism as my reading tools. By examining the narratives from the perspective of Earth, I pay attention to how Earth is described, whether it is given voice, and how it is granted or deprived of agency. In terms of the description of Earth, I analyze the Genesis texts in four loci: before creation, during creation, in Eden after creation, and outside Eden. Before creation, Earth is depicted as dormant, full of potential for life. During creation, Earth serves as a co-creator alongside Elohim. In Eden, it fully manifests its power. However, after the first humans disobey God, Earth restricts its power, granting it only when Adam (humanity) exerts hard labor upon it. Following Cain’s murder of Abel, Earth takes/drinks Abel’s blood and further restrains itself, refusing to grant any power to the murderer, Cain. The changes in the relationship between Earth and humanity observed in Genesis 1-4 show that Earth resists human sin and injustice, allowing itself to be wasted.
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