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치과 질환 극복을 위한 줄기세포의 적용

Stem Cell Applications for Overcoming Dental Diseases

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초록

고령화 사회에서 치과질환은 건강 및 사회적 비용이 크게 발생할 수 있는 주요한 원인이며, 구강경조직 손상 및 손실로 인하여 저작기능을 상실하게 되면 영양 불균형 및 사회활동의 위축 등 삶의 질이 크게 저하될 수 있다. 현재 치과치료는 보존적 치료나 임플란트, 보철물 등을 이용해 손상된 기능을 복원하고 있지만, 주변 조직의 손상과 제한적인 기능 복구만 가능한 한계가 존재한다. 이러한 문제점을 보완하기 위해 생체친화적인 세포수준의 연구가 반드시 필요한데, 이를 위해 다양한 줄기세포의 분화 및 적용을 통한 연구가 진행중이다. 치계 유래 줄기세포는 구강내에서 확보할 수 있으며 다양한 조직으로 분화할 수 있어 이러한 문제점을 극복할 수 있는 기술적 잠재력이 크다. 그러나 임상적 활용에 있어 안정성과 분화 유도 기술의 한계로 인해 실질적인 적용이 매우 부족한 상황이다. 지금까지 알려진 다양한 줄기세포의 특징을 확인하고 또한 주요 치과질환인 치주염, 임플란트 주위염, 충치의 치료 및 예방을 위해 줄기세포의 분화 및 이를 이용한 사례를 확인하였다. 향후 심화되는 치과 질환의 극복을 위해 줄기세포의 분화를 활용하는 임상적용 가능한 기술개발이 필요하다. 본 연구를 통해 현재의 치과질환 극복을 위한 활용가능한 줄기세포의 종류와 질환별 적용방법 및 향후 새로운 연구방향에 대해 토론하는 기회를 마련하고자 한다.

Abstract

In an aging population, dental diseases increasingly contribute to significant healthcare expenses and broader societal burdens. The loss of masticatory function due to oral hard tissue damage or degeneration can lead to severe consequences, including nutritional deficiencies and reduced social participation, significantly diminishing overall quality of life. While current dental treatments aim to restore lost function using conservative methods, implants, and prosthetics, these methods have inherent limitations regarding the extent of surrounding tissue damage and restricted functional recovery. The development of biocompatible therapies, particularly those leveraging the differentiation potential and clinical application of stem cells, is imperative to overcome these limitations. Dental-derived stem cells, easily harvested from the oral cavity, have significant potential due to their ability to differentiate into various tissue types, offering a promising approach for addressing these challenges. However, clinical applications of these cells are hindered by safety concerns and limitations in current techniques for guiding their differentiation. Therefore, further research is essential to develop clinically viable stem cell-based therapies to treat dental diseases effectively. This study aimed to review the landscape of stem cell applications in dentistry, highlighting the types of stem cells, their potential applications for specific dental conditions, and prospective research directions.

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