영미 형사변호인의 지위와 역할에 대한 비판적 검토
A Critical Study on Positions and Functions of Criminal Defence Counsels in Anglo-American Law
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근래 형사절차의 영미화가 두드러지고 공판에서의 진실규명이 강조됨에 따라 형사사건에서의 변호인의 지위와 역할 또한 강화되고 있다. 형사변호인은 이제 단순히 피고인의 방어권을 보충하는 것을 넘어서 형사공판의 필요적 구성원의 지위를 차지하고 있다. 역사적으로 영미에서 형사변호인은 피고인의 옹호자로서 오랜 기간 형사사법에서 정의를 수호하는 긍정적 기능을 해 왔다. 한편 대립당사자적 구조 속에서 지나친 승리에의 집착과 그로 인한 공판절차의 남용, 진실의 왜곡 등 폐해가 비판되어 왔으며 이는 궁극적으로 사법의 적정한 운영과 정의실현에 장애를 초래할 수 있다. 이러한 문제들은 공판에서 양 당사자 측 법률가, 특히 변호인에게 지나치게 많은 절차적 권리를 부여한 데 기인하는 것으로 이를 제한하고 판사의 절차진행을 강화하려는 개선론으로 이어져 왔다. 영미에서의 형사변호인의 지위와 역할에 대한 비판과 개선론은 형사절차의 영미화 경향이 현저한 우리에게 타산지석이 되기에 충분하다. 형사변호인의 방어적 기능과 그에 필요한 권한은 충분히 보장하여야 할 것이나 위와 같은 문제가 발생하지 않도록 미리 과도한 절차 주도와 남용을 통제하는 것은 반드시 필요하고 또 적절하다.
Abstract
As on-going criminal justice reform has been showing a remarked tendency toward Anglo-American Law in Korea, the role of criminal defence counsel will be more important than ever. In Anglo-American legal system, it is widely recognized that defence counsels have played very important roles to defend criminal defendants and embody justices in criminal trial. Nevertheless, they have been also condemned because of their excessive initiative in criminal procedure and tenacity for victory in adversary system. Particularly, defence counsels' extravagant use of their initiatives in criminal court and distortion of actual facts sometimes have been one of the main causes of obstruction to embodiment of justice and proper criminal administration. And there have been many kinds of alternative proposals among them reinforcing judge's controlling powers in criminal court has been widely approved and has been actualized in some jurisdictions. There have been a variety of patterns of criminal procedure to democratize the process and to build broader public confidence in justice system. Though the Anglo-American system and the Continental system including Korean have many external similarities in organization of justice, there are more different realities between the two systems, such as functions, authorities, and so on, which arise from the different understandings about criminal justice and dissimilarities of judicial history, circumstances, and cultures including people's legal consciousness. In Korea, with the recent recognition of the importance of justice system reform, the emphasis of the role of defence counsel in the criminal procedure tends to be on the increase. Although the moral justification of their roles and functions and vigorous defences can't be resisted, the embodiment of them in justice system requires deliberate considerations of the above elements and overseas experiences. In this respect, the realities and the criticisms around criminal defence counsels in the U. S. and the U. K. are considerably instructive and helpful to pave the way for more desirable criminal justice system in this field.
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