원자력사고의 책임 법리에 관한 비교 고찰
Comparative Study on Nuclear Liabilityand Coverage
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초록
IAEA는 모든 국가의 핵에너지의 안전과 평화적 이용은 이 기술을 통제하는 효과적인 국가법 체계의 공표와 실행을 통해서만 보장될 수 있음을 강조해 왔다. 이 중에 원자력사고로 인한 책임도 중요한 이슈 중의 하나이다. 이 글에서는 우선 원자력손해의 민사 책임에 대한 국제 협약들에 관해 설명했다. 그리고 이들로부터 도출되는 주요 원칙들을 소개했다. 소개된 중요한 원칙들은 ① 원자력시설, 원자력사업자, 원자력사고 및 원자력손해와 같은 개념의 확정, ② 원자력사업자의 엄격 책임, ③ 운영자의 배타적 책임, ④ 원자력사업자의 면책 사유 제한, ⑤ 손해배상 총액의 제한, ⑥ 원자력사업자의 손해배상을 위한 의무적 재원 확보, ⑦ 손해배상 청구권의 소멸시효, ⑧ 피해자에 대한 차별 금지, ⑨ 전속관할권 등이다. 그리고 마지막으로 국제 협약상의 원칙들과 국내 원자력손해배상법 등의 내용을 비교․검토한 후, 몇 가지 시사점을 도출했다.
Abstract
IAEA has emphasized that the safe and peaceful uses of nuclear energy can only be ensured with the promulgation and implementation of an effective legal framework to govern the technology. Nuclear liability issue also is important. This paper describes the various international legal instruments that establish an international regime for civil liability for nuclear damage. There are five main instruments that reflect these key principles of nuclear liability law. Two of these instruments establish a regional regime: the Paris Convention and the 2004 Brussels Supplementary Convention, whereas the other three instruments establish a global regime: the Vienna Convention, the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage and the Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention. This regime is based on several key principles: ① a defined scope for the liability regime based on specific concepts, ② strict liability imposed on the nuclear operator, ③ exclusive liability of the operator, ④ exonerations of the operator from liability only in certain circumstances, ⑤ limiting the liability in amount, ⑥ mandatory financial security of the operator, ⑦ limitation of liability in time, ⑧ non-discrimination of victims, ⑨ exclusive jurisdiction. Finally, I compared and reviewed the contents of the principles of the International Convention and the korean Nuclear Damage Compensation Act, and got some implications.
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