국제형사법상 간접정범 규정의 적용 근거 - 정범 배후 정범 해석 문제와 관련하여 -
A study on applying the indirect perpetrator prescribed in the article 25(3)(a) of Rome Statute
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국제형사법상 간접정범의 구조에 관한 입장은 국내 형법의 범죄 참여체계에 맞게 결정되어야 할 것이라고 생각된다. 국제형사재판소 바쉬르 사건에서처럼 정범 배후의 정범 형태의 간접정범에 관한 사안이 국내에서도 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 사안에서는 형법 제8조가 중요한 의미를 지닐 것이라고 생각된다. 이에 따라, 정범 배후의 정범이 문제되는 사건에 대해 우리 형법이 적용될 수 있을 것이다. 즉 독일에서 논의되는 정범 배후 정범 형태의 범죄 성립을 인정하기 보다는 형법 제34조 제2항을 적용하는 방안이 적절하다고 생각된다. 그리고, 독일에서 발달한 범죄참여체계로서 확장적 정범론은, 주관설의 등가설의 관점에 기초한다는 태생적 한계를 지니고 있다. 사람을 살해하는 행위에 있어서 생명이나 사람을 상해하는 행위에 있어서 타인의 신체는 형법에 의하여 보호되는 법익이다. 이러한 논리의 정범설에 따르면, 사망이나 상해에 기여하는 행위는 간접정범에 의하여 저질러질 수 있다고 주장된다. 하지만, 정범기여와 교사 내지 방조의 기여는 객관적 관점에서 구조적으로 상이하다. 요컨대, 확장적 정범론에서는 동등하지 아니한 법적 가치의 구별이 불분명하였다. 특히, 정범 배후자와 관련하여 정범설에 의존하고자 하는 입장은, 정범 확장개념에 기인하여 제각각 그 처벌을 확장하기 위한 근거를 제시하기 위하여 불가피하게 논쟁을 발생시킨다. 국제형사재판소 규정의 간접정범 성립요건은, 형법 제34조 제1항에 따른 “정범이 처벌받지 아니하거나 과실범으로 처벌되는 자일 것”에 한정되지 아니한다. 이러한 국제형사재판소 규정은 이행법률에 의하여 그대로 채택된 것이라고 할 수 없다. 형법 총칙의 이론은 이행법률에 대한 적용에 있어서도 간접정범의 본질적 성격과 관련하여 해석론적 근거를 제공하고 있다. 그리하여, 국제형사재판소 규정의 핵심범죄에 대해서도 형법 제34조가 적용되어야 할 것이다. 입법론적으로 이행법률 제18조는 국제형사법 실무에 있어서 형법 제34조를 비롯한 형법총칙의 일반이론을 적용할 수 있도록 개선되어야 할 것이다.
Abstract
The war in Sudan’s western region from 2003 to 2004 resulted in the massacre. The acts concerned were committed by state agencies under Sudan’s president Omar al-Bashir's control. The pretrial chamber of ICC decided that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Al Bashir is criminally responsible under article 25(3)(a) as an indirect perpetrator. The case is based on Al Bashir's having allegedly used the apparatus of the State of Sudan to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity. The concepts of indirect perpetrator and actor behind the apparatus have been critically researched. The concept of domination through an organization of Roxin's theory could not escape criticism. The author discusses the concept of perpetration through an organization in view of Korean Criminal Act. Moreover, the legislative purport was researched about the provisions of Korean Criminal Act related with the indirect perpetrator including that of the Revision Draft of Japanese Criminal Code. The summary of this remarks is as follows : the author of this study argues indirect perpetration could not be punishable if the immediate actor was autonomous or criminally responsible for the crime. Moreover, indirect perpetration should be restricted to the cases qualified by the agent's innocence or lack of guilty mind. Thus, the author in this paper suggests that the article 34 of Korean Criminal Act should be applied for indirect perpetrator concerning the crimes of the Rome Statute. At last, de lege ferenda for applying the article 34, the author proposes that the article 18 of ‘Korean Act for Implementation of Rome Statute’(Act on punishment, etc. of crimes under jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court) should be revised.
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