인공지능의 사회적 수용성과 법제도의 기능적 관계에 관한 소고
The Social Acceptability of Artificial Intelligence and the Function of Law
0
조회
0
다운로드
13
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
가까운 미래에 우리의 일상에서 인공지능 기술을 통해 자율성을 획득한 지능형 기기의 활용이 보편화될 것이라는 전망이 쏟아지고 있다. 이는 인공지능의 일반 활용이나 자율성을 갖춘 지능형 기기 도입의 문제가 더 이상 ‘만약’의 문제가 아니라 ‘얼마나 신속하게’, ‘어느 범위까지’ 허용할 것인지를 다루어야 하는 ‘현실적인’ 문제가 되었다는 의미다. 이 문제는 단지 경제적 관점에서 재단하는 대한민국의 경쟁력과 지속적인 성장력에 관한 문제가 아니라 국가의 주권과 우리의 일상, 나아가 인류의 미래를 좌우하는 중요한 문제로 발전하고 있다. 그리고 이 문제의 핵심에는 인공지능의 사회적 수용성 확보라는 과제가 놓여 있다. 본고에서는 인공지능의 사회적 수용성 제고의 문제가 인공지능의 활용에 대한 법의 권익보호기능, 법의 질서형성기능 및 법의 위험방지기능의 (재)설정에 관한 문제임을 밝히고, 인공지능의 사회적 수용을 위한 전제조건으로서 기능하는 법제도를 고찰하였다. 먼저, 인공지능을 수용하는 데 있어서 기존 법제도 체계가 가지는 한계를 분석하고, 변화하는 기술 환경에 조응하는 법제도 체계로의 전환의 필요성을 검토하였다. 다음으로, 기술 수용의 관점에서 인공지능의 이용이 공적 부문과 민간 부문에서 야기할 수 있는 사회적⋅개인적 법익 침해 리스크의 유형과 사례를 검토하였다. 마지막으로 인공지능의 기술적 특성, 특유의 불확실성 및 사회적⋅개인적 리스크에 기초하여 사회적 수용성 제고에 필요한 법제도적 대응방안으로 (1) 리스크 관리 기반 법제도 체계로의 전환, (2) 원칙기반 규제의 확대, (3) 거버넌스적 대응의 적극적 모색, (4) 인공지능의 특성을 고려한 특수 법제도의 도입, 및 (5) 그밖에 필요한 법제도적 정비사항을 검토⋅제언하였다.
Abstract
Recently, more and more people predict that autonomous intelligent objects will become commonly used in our streets, skies, homes and workplaces in the nearer future than previously expected. This means that the general use of artificial intelligence is no longer a hypothetical issue for the future but is a real and concrete issue that requires us to decide when, to what extent, and how fast it should be permitted. These issues are not just a matter of the future competitiveness and continuous growth of the country, which are assessed from an economic perspective only, but rather are becoming an essential matter that determines the sovereignty of the nation, our daily lives, and even the future of mankind. At the heart of this lies the social acceptability of artificial intelligence. This article identified that the issue of promoting the social acceptability of artificial intelligence is indeed an issue of (re)setting the law’s protecting various rights and interests, creating a social order and managing risks functions with respect to the emergence of artificial intelligence, and examined what is required from law, which functions as a pre-requisite condition in increasing the technology’s social acceptance. First, this article analyzed the limitations of the existing legal system in accepting the transformative technology into society, and examined the justifications for a shift of the existing system towards a system adaptable and responsive to changing technological environments. Next, it reviewed the types and examples of legal risks that the use of artificial intelligence could cause in the public and private sectors. Lastly, it suggested various legal measures based on the technological characteristics of artificial intelligence, its unique uncertainties, and risks it may pose to an individual and the society: shifting to a risk management-based legal system, expanding the application of principle-based regulation, creating new governance models, introducing legal tools specifically tailored for the artificial intelligence technology, and other measures necessary to support the risk management-based legal system.
참고문헌 (38)
- 지능화 혁명 시대의 위험 통제 및 기술 수용을 위한법제도체계전환에관한연구, "권은정", 정보통신정책연구원, ~, pp.기본연구 20-08-04 (2020)
- 최영규, "경찰행정법" (2007), 법영사
- 혁신생태계 조성을 위한 규제개혁, "이주호", 한국개발연구원, ~ (2018)
- 윤혜선, "리스크규제에 관한 공법적 연구 : 식품안전법제를 중심으로", 박사, 법학, pp.2009
- 윤혜선, "인공지능 규제 정책에 관한 연구: 주요국의 규제 정책 사례를 중심으로", 정보통신정책연구, 26(4), pp.135~176 (2019), 정보통신정책학회
- 윤혜선, "인공지능 기술을 윤리적으로 탐하다: 영국의 데이터윤리혁신센터 설치 사례", KISO저널, (33) (2019)
- 이원우, "신융합산업 활성화를 위한 규제개혁입법의 현황과 과제", 경제규제와 법, 12(2), pp.137~153 (2019), 법학연구소[DOI]
- Braithwaite, "Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry" (1984), Routledge and Kegan Paul
- Collingridge, David, "The Social Control of Technology" (1980), Frances Printer
- Beriain, I. M, "Does the use of risk assessments in sentences respect the right to due process? A critical analysis of the Wisconsin v. Loomis ruling", Law, Probability and Risk, 17(1), pp.45~53 (2018)[DOI]
- Forms and Paradoxes of Principles Based Regulation, "Black, Julia", LSE Legal Studies, ~, pp.LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No. 13 (2008), 2008
- Buiten, Miriam C, "Towards Intelligent Regulation of Artificial Intelligence", European Journal of Risk Regulation, 10(1), pp.41~59 (2019)[DOI]
- "Towards Smarter Consumer Protection Rules for Digital Services" (2017)[URL]
- "Aspirin: Turn of the Century Wonder Drug" (2009)[URL]
- Larsson, Stefan, "Algorithmic governance and the need for consumer empowerment in data-driven markets", Internet Policy Review, 7(2) (2018)
- Oswald M, "Algorithm-assisted decision-making in the public sector: framing the issues using administrative law rules governing discretionary power", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 376, pp.20170359~ (2018)[DOI]
- Oswald Marion, "Algorithmic risk assessment policing models: lessons from the Durham HART model and ‘Experimental’ proportionality", Information & Communications Technology Law, 27(2), pp.223~250 (2018)[DOI]
- Rothstein Henry, "The risks of risk-based regulation: Insights from the environmental policy domain", Environment international, 32(8), pp.1056~1065 (2006)
- Scherer, Matthew U, "Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies", Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 29(2) (2015)[DOI]
- "Confronting the risks of artificial intelligence" (2019)[URL]
- Artificial Intelligence for Europe, "European Commission", COM, ~ (2020)
- Report on the safety and liability implications of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics, "European Commission", COM, ~ (2020)
- Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION LEGISLATIVE ACTS, "European Commission", COM, ~ (2021)
- "Shaping Europe’s digital future, Regulatory framework proposal on Artificial Intelligence" (2021)[URL]
- "AI in the UK: ready, willing and able? - government response to the select com mittee report" (2018)[URL]
- "Regulatory sandbox lessons learned report" (2017)[URL]
- "How AI Can Go Terribly Wrong:5 Biases That Create Failure" (2020)[URL]
- A governance frame work for algorithmic accountability and transparency, Study, Panel for the Future of Science and Technology, "Koene, Ansgar", European Parliamentary Research Service, Scientific Foresight Unit, European Parliament, ~ (2019)
- "John What is Artificial Intelligence?" (2007)[URL]
- Naveen Kashyap, "Why Pfizer Won in the United States but Lost in Canada, and the Challenges of Pharmaceutical Industry", T.M. COOLEY J. PRAC. & CLINICAL L, 16, pp.189~ (2014)
- "Inside the Self-Driving Tesla Fatal Accident" (2016)[URL]
- Tene, Omer, "Big Data for All:Privacy and User Control in the Age of Analytics", Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop, 11, pp.270~ (2012)
- Tutt, Andrew, "An FDA for Algorithms", Admin. L. Rev, 69, pp.83~ (2017)
- "PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE" (2016)[URL]
- "US Executive Order on Maintaining American Lead ership in Artificial Intelligence" (2019)[URL]
- "Draft of Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications" (2020)[URL]
- "THE NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC PLAN: 2019 UPDATE" (2019)[URL]
- "A Right to Reasonable Inferences: Re-thinking Data Protection Law in the Age of Big Data and AI" (2018)[URL]