기능성자기공명영상(fMRI)을 이용한 거짓말 탐지 증거의 정확도와 법적 시사점
The Accuracy and Legal Effects of fMRI Lie-detection Evidence
0
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 논문은 fMRI 뇌영상 기법을 통해 거짓말을 탐지하는 실험적 연구들을 비판적으로 개괄한 뒤에, 이러한 실험들이 법정에서 증거로 채택될 수 있는 사실을 만들어낼 수 있는가를 평가하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위해서 이 논문은 fMRI 이전의 거짓말 탐지기를 간단히 살펴본 후에, fMRI 기술의 작동 원리와 문제점을 설명하고, fMRI를 이용해서 거짓말을 할 때 활성화되는 뇌의 영역을 탐색한 연구들을 개괄할 것이다. fMRI 거짓말 탐지기의 응용에 대해서는 여러 가지 우려와 비판들이 있는데, 이 논문에서는 이러한 우려와 비판들을 네 가지로 나누어서 그 각각을 유형별로 분석해 볼 것이다. 이후 이러한 비판에 대한 반론으로 fMRI 거짓말 탐지기를 옹호하는 견해를 소개한 뒤에, 결론적으로 이런 다양한 견해를 종합해서 fMRI 거짓말 탐지기의 현 상황을 평가해 보면서, 미래의 법적 응용 가능성 같은 법적 시사점을 가늠해 볼 것이다.
Abstract
This paper aims to critically review various experimental researches using an fMRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machine as a lie-detecting device, and evaluate whether such fMRI images will be accepted as reliable evidence in courts. For this, the paper first examines the history of polygraph lie detectors which have been widely used before the advent of fMRI lie detectors. It then discusses the principles of fMRI technique along with its limitations, as well as experimental researches using fMRI that have attempted to pinpoint the neural correlates of telling lies. After this, the paper explores various criticisms on using fMRI as lie detectors by classifying them into four different, but related, categories. Then, some positive evaluations on the use of fMRI lie-detecting devices will be examined. By synthesizing these various opinions and analysis over the use of fMRI as lie-detecting devices, the paper will suggest its legal implications, estimating the possibility of fMRI images being accepted as legal evidence in courts in the future.
참고문헌 (48)
- 고제원, "뇌지문을 이용한 거짓말 탐지", 법학연구, (29), pp.353~373 (2008), 한국법학회
- 김유미, "브레인 퓨처" (2010), 북하우스퍼블리셔스
- 심희기, "과학적 증거의 허용성과 신빙성", 형사법연구, (12), pp.1~24 (1999)
- 엄진섭, "폴리그라프 검사의 정확도 추정", 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 14(4), pp.1~18 (2008), 한국문화및사회문제심리학회
- 폴리그라프 검사의 타당성 및 행동분석과의 상관성 연구, "조은경", 대검찰청, ~ (2006)
- 홍성욱, "보는 것이 믿는 것이다 - fMRI 뇌영상을 어떻게 해석할 것인가", ~ (2010)
- 홍성욱, "뇌 속의 인간, 인간 속의 뇌 - 뇌과학은 인간의 윤리에 대해 무엇을 말하는가", pp.307~337, 바다출판사
- 홍성욱, "거짓말 탐지기, 법정, 그리고 과학", 자연과학, (27) (2010)
- Abe, N., "Deceiving others: Distinct neural responses of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala in simple fabrication and deception with social interactions", Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(2), pp.287~295 (2007)
- Alder, K, "A social history of untruth: Lie detection and trust in twentieth-century america", Representations, (80), pp.1~33 (2002)
- Alder,K, "The lie detectors: The history of an American obsession" (2007), Free Press
- Boire, R. G, "On cognitive liberty", J Cog Liberties, 1, pp.7~13 (2000)
- Committee to review the scientific evidence on the polygraph, "The polygraph and lie detection" (2003), The National Academies Press
- Christ, S. E, "The contributions of prefrontal cortex and executive control to deception: evidence from activation likelihood estimate metaanalyses", Cereb Cortex, 19, pp.1557~1566 (2009)
- Davatzikos, C., "Classifying spatial patterns of brain activity with machine learning methods: application to lie detection", Neuroimage, 28, pp.663~668 (2005)
- DePaulo, B., "Lying in everyday life", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), pp.979~995 (1996)
- Farwell, L. A, "The truth will out: Interrogative polygraphy (“lie detection”) with event-related brain potentials", Psychophysiology, 28, pp.531~547 (1991)
- Ganis, G, "Neural correlates of different types of deception: an fMRI investigation", Cerebral Cortex, 13, pp.830~836 (2003)
- Ganis, G, "Lying in the scanner: Covert countermeasures disrupt deception detection by functional magnetic resonance imaging", Neuroimage, 55, pp.312~319 (2011)
- Girdharadas, Anand, "India’s novel use of brain scans in courts is debated", New York Times (14 September), ~ (2008)
- Greely, H. T., "Neuroscience-based lie detection: The urgent need for regulation", Am J Law Med, 33, pp.377~431 (2007)
- Grubin, Don, "Lie detection and the polygraph: A historical review", The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 16(2), pp.357~369 (2005)
- Henig, R. M, "Looking for the lie", The New York Times Magazine (5 February), ~ (2006)
- Kozel, F. A, "Detecting deception using functional magnetic resonance imaging", Biol Psychiatry, 58, pp.605~613 (2005)
- Langleben,D, "Detection of deception with fMRI: Are we there yet?", Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13(1), pp.1~9 (2008)
- Logothetis, N. K, "What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI", Nature, 453 (2008)
- Lykken, D. T, "The validity of the guilty knowledge technique: The effect of faking", Journal of Applied Psychology, 44(4), pp.258~262 (1960)
- McCabe, D. P., "Seeing is believing: The effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning", Cognition, 107, pp.343~352 (2008)
- McCabe, D. P, "The influence of fMRI lie detection evidence on juror decision-making", Behav Sci Law, 29, pp.566~577 (2011)
- McIntosh, A. R, "Towards a network theory of cognition", Neural Netw, 13, pp.861~870 (2000)
- Miller, Greg, "fMRI Lie Detection Fails a Legal Test", Science, 328, pp.1336~1337
- Office of Technology Assessment, "The use of integrity tests for preemployment screening", U.S. Office of Technology Assessment, ~ (1990)
- Ogawa, S, "Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 통권 : 87, pp.9868~9872 (1990)
- Ogawa, S, "Oxygenation-sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields", Magnetic Resonance Medicine, 14, pp.68~78 (1990)
- Poldrack, R. A, "The role of fMRI in cognitive neuroscience: where do we stand?", Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 18, pp.223~227 (2008)
- Rissman, J, "Detecting individual memories through the neural decoding of memory states and past experience", Proc Natl Acad Sci, 107(21), pp.9849~9854 (2010)
- Rosenfield, J. P, "A modified, event-related potential-based guilty knowledge test", Int. J. Neurosci, 24, pp.157~161 (1988)
- Schauer, F, "Neuroscience, lie-detection, and the law: contrary to the prevailing view, the suitability of brain-based lie-detection for courtroom or forensic use should be determined according to legal and not scientific standards", Trends Cogn Sci, 14(3), pp.101~103 (2010)
- Simpson, J. R, "Functional MRI lie detection: Too good to be true?", J Am Acad Psychiatry Law, 36, pp.491~498 (2008)
- Spence, S. A., "Behavioral and functional anatomical correlates of deception in humans", Neuroreport, 12, pp.2849~2853 (2001)
- Spence S.A, "Playing devil's advocate: The case against fMRI lie detection", Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13, pp.11~25 (2008)
- Trovillo, Paul V, "A History of lie detection", Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 29, pp.848~881 (1939)
- Uttal, W. R, "The new phrenology: The limits of localizing cognitive functions in the brain" (2001), MIT Press
- Vul, E., "Puzzlingly high correlations in fMRI studies of emotion, personality, and social cognition", Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, pp.43~ (2009)
- Weisberg, D. S, "The seductive allure of neuroscience explanations", J Cogn Neurosci, 20, pp.470~477 (2008)
- White, A. E, "The lie of fMRI: An examination of the ethics of a market in lie detection using functional magnetic resonance imaging", HEC Forum, 22, pp.253~266 (2010)
- Wolpe, P. R, "Emerging neurotechnologies for lie-detection: promises and perils", Am J Bioeth, 5, pp.39~49 (2005)
- Wu, D. forthcoming, "Neural correlates of evaluations of lying and truth-telling in different social contexts", Brain Research, ~