국제인권규범과 헌법: 통합적 관계 구성을 위한 이론적⋅실천적 고찰
International Human Rights Norms and the Constitution: Constructing an Integrated Relationship
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국제인권규범의 발전이 전통적 국가주권 개념과 국제법-국내법 이분법 체계에 가져온 규범적 변화의 중요성에도 불구하고, 국내에서의 국제인권법에 대한 이해는 최근까지도 국가주의적, 국내헌법 우선주의적 사고의 습관적 틀 안에 머물러 있는 모습이 자주 보인다. 헌법과 국제인권규범을 인권의 보편적 보장과 실현이라는 공통의 목적을 가지고 유기적인 상호작용과 협력을 통하여 지구적⋅통합적 규범체계를 이루어가는 발전적 관계로 인식할 필요가 있다. 상당수 국가의 헌법은 국제인권법에 대하여 헌법에 준하거나 법률에 우선하는 지위를 부여하고 국제인권규범에 부합하도록 국내법을 해석하는 것을 국내사법기관의 의무로 규정하고 있다. 특히 동일한 인권 사안에 대하여 국제인권조약기구와 국내사법기관의 일차적 해석이 서로 다를 경우, 국내사법기관은 국제기구의 해석을 진지하게 고려하고 최대한 존중하며 국제기구와 다른 해석을 취할 경우에는 그 이유를 설득력 있게 제시할 ‘성실한 규범적 연계의무’(Duty to Engage)를 지닌다고 할 수 있다. 유럽인권재판소 판결에 대한 독일연방헌법재판소의 태도와 국제인권조약기구 견해에 대한 최근 스페인 대법원의 판결은 국내법과 국제법을 아우르는 법치주의의 발전적 해석을 통하여 이러한 의무를 구체화한 사례로 볼 수 있다. 최근 한국 헌법재판소와 대법원의 태도에서도 국제인권규범과 국내법의 통합적 연계를 이루어가는 방향으로의 변화가 점차 관찰되고 있지만, 국제인권규범에 대한 태도가 결론에 따라 일관되지 못한 모습을 보이거나 국제인권조약기구의 해석이 법원 판결과 동일한 구속력이 없다는 이유로 조약 당사국의 의무를 형식적으로 파악하는 등 여러 한계점이 존재한다. 대한민국 헌법은 전문과 제6조 및 국제법존중원칙에서 보듯이 세계주의적 지향과 발전의 내재적 토대를 충분히 가지고 있다. 국제인권규범과 헌법의 유기적⋅통합적 관계에 대한 이해와 국내사법기관과 국제인권조약기구의 동반자적 관계를 바탕으로 인권해석의 구체화와 인권규범의 상향식 발전을 끊임없이 추구하면서 지구적 차원의 역동적이고 다원적⋅다층적인 인권규범체계를 이루어가야 할 것이다.
Abstract
The development of international human rights law has brought a significant normative change to a traditional conception of state sovereignty and to the dichotomous understanding of international and national law. A general attitude toward international human rights law in Korean legal scholarship and practice, however, is still heavily influenced by a nationalist idea that categorically prioritizes the domestic constitution. Constitutional law and international human rights law constitute an integrated global normative system that aims for a common purpose of universally guaranteeing and realizing human rights, based on organic mutual interactions and cooperation. Constitutions in many states recognize that international human rights law holds a semi-constitutional status or at least a status superior to domestic statutes. Multiple constitutions around the globe provide for an obligation of domestic courts to interpret human rights in accordance with major international human rights treaties and norms. In particular, when a domestic court and an international treaty body are in disagreement over concrete rights interpretations, the domestic court bears a “duty to engage” － to duly consider and respect the treaty body’s view and to provide a persuasive reason when the court decides not to follow the international body’s interpretation. The German Constitutional Court and the Spanish Supreme Court provide good examples that concretize this duty. The latest decisions of the Korean Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court indeed began to display a progress towards an integrative understanding of international human rights and national law. However, limitations remain as the court practice shows incoherency depending on the conclusion of the case (whether the domestic court’s interpretation coincides with that of an international treaty body) and tends to disregard the normative authority of the international body’s view for its lack of binding force as strict as that of judicial decisions. The Constitution of Korea is rich with its cosmopolitan potential that can be further realized. By recognizing the organic and integrated relationship between international human rights norms and the domestic constitution, and by constructing a productive partnership between domestic courts and international human rights treaty bodies, the meaning of human rights can be better concretized and human rights norms can be further developed through bottom-up processes. The two levels of law then can together constitute a global human rights norm system that possesses a dynamic and pluralistic nature.
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