알고리즘과 플랫폼노동자 수입에 관한 연구:알고리즘의 투명성과 강제성을 중심으로
A Study on Platform Algorithms and Platform Workers' Income:Focusing on Algorithmic Transparency and Enforcement
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초록
최근 플랫폼을 향한 사용자성 압력이 높아지는 가운데, 플랫폼의 이윤을 극대화하고 노동자 통제를 표면에 드러나지 않도록 만드는 알고리즘이 적극적으로 도입되고 있다. 플랫폼은 알고리즘이 노동자의 생산성을 높여 수입을 증대시킬 것으로 주장하고 있으나, 현장에서는 알고리즘의 통제를 따르면 오히려 수입이 감소하는 것으로 보고된다. 무엇보다 알고리즘은 노동자의 생계를 좌우하는 중요한 요인임에도 노동자는 알고리즘 작동원리에 대해 전혀 설명받지 못하는 현실이다. 이에 알고리즘의 투명성과 노동자 통제가 플랫폼노동자의 수입에 미치는 영향을 규명하고, 알고리즘 투명성의 중요함을 드러내고자 하였다. 분석을 위해 알고리즘 강제배정(AI 배정)이 도입된 플랫폼 기반의 음식배달, 대리운전, 택시, 가사에 종사하는 노동자 600명 실태조사 자료를 활용하였고, 도구변수를 통한 실증분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 향후 플랫폼의 독과점은 더욱 견고해질 가능성이 관찰되었고, 알고리즘이 일방적으로 노동자의 가격분포나 기회분포를 결정하면 수입이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 과업배분 과정이 투명한 경우 수입은 높아졌다. 즉 플랫폼 알고리즘은 플랫폼노동자의 노동강도를 높이고, 노동자를 통제하는 수단에 불과한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이에 플랫폼 알고리즘으로부터 설명받을 권리를 보장하고, 알고리즘의 공정성과 투명성을 위한 정책과제를 제안하였다.
Abstract
In the midst of the recent increase in the accountability of platform companies as employers, this study aimed to identify the effect of algorithms that maximize profits and hide control over workers on the income of platform workers. In particular, the reality is that workers do not receive any explanation from the platform about the algorithms that determine their livelihood. In this regard, we tried to reveal the importance of algorithmic transparency by identifying the transparency of algorithms and the effect of control over workers on the income of platform workers. For the analysis, data from a fact-finding survey of 600 workers engaged in food delivery, chauffeur service, taxi, and housekeeping based on a platform where forced AI assignment was introduced were used. Then, an empirical analysis was conducted through instrument variables. As a result, it was found that income decreases when the algorithm unilaterally determines the worker's price distribution or opportunity spectrum. On the other hand, when the task allocation process was transparent, workers’ income increased. In other words, it turns out that the platform algorithm is nothing more than a means to increase the labor intensity of platform workers and control them. Accordingly, policy tasks for guaranteeing the rights of platform workers to receive explanations about the algorithm from the platform and fairness and transparency of the algorithm were proposed.
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