공무원 인사제도와 정부의 질: 퍼지셋 분석을 활용한 OECD 국가비교
The Civil Service System and Quality of Government: A Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 24 OECD Countries
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정부의 질을 높이기 위한 요인으로 공무원 인사제도에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 진행되고 있다. 특히, 기존 연구는 실적제와 NPM 개혁에 의한 성과평가 등은 정부 효율성을 제고하는 반면, 행정 정치화로 인해 조직 성과가 낮아짐을 실증적으로 보여준다. 그러나, 이러한 공무원 인사제도의 요인은 배타적이지 않고 상호연계되어 정부의 질에 영향을 미친다. 이에 본 연구는 공무원 인사제도의 어떠한 결합요인이 정부의 질을 구성하는지 살펴본다. 이를 위해, 본 연구는 OECD 24개 국가를 대상으로 정부의 질을 이루는 공무원 제도의 결합요인을 살펴보기 위해 퍼지셋 질적비교분석(fsQCA)을 사용하였다. 정부의 질 개념의 다차원성을 고려하여, 정부의 질은 불편부당성, 효과성, 및 변화 반응성의 차원으로 정의하였다. 또한, 공무원 인사제도의 결합요인으로 Silberman의 조직 모형과 전문성 모형을 기반으로, 시장형 조직 모형과 정치화된 혼합형을 퍼지셋 이념형으로 제시하였다. 퍼지셋 질적비교분석 결과, 불편부당성은 전문성 모형의 인사제도가, 변화 반응성에는 전문성 모형과 정치화된 혼합형의 인사제도가 결합요인으로 나타났다. 한편, 정부 효과성에는 전문성 모형, 조직 모형, 시장형 조직 모형과 정치화된 혼합형 등 네 가지 이념형 모두 결합요인이 성립하였다. 본 연구는 정부의 질의 차원에 따라 각 차원을 구성하는 인사제도 결합요인이 다를 수 있음을 제시하였다는 점에서 의미가 있다.
Abstract
Much research has examined the causal factors of quality of government. Specifically, the literature suggests that specific personnel systems such as merit-based recruitment or performance evaluation may increase government effectiveness and productivity, while bureaucratic politicization lowers performance. However, each of causal conditions in the personnel system might be dependent on the other conditions’ presence or absence. Accordingly, this study analyzes the combined causal conditions of the civil service to enhance the quality of government―impartiality, effectiveness, and government responsiveness to changes―in 24 OECD countries, using the fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Building on Silberman’s rational governance model, this study suggests four ideal types which include organizational, professional, market-oriented organizational, and politicized (rational) model as a result of a fuzzy set ideal type analysis. Additionally, the results from fsQCA suggest that the professional orientation model with political neutrality was found to be important to have impartial government, while the professional and politicized (rational) model is the sufficient conditions for government responsiveness to changes. Meanwhile, the findings also show that governments, which fall on all four models identified by the fuzzy set ideal type analysis, are effective. In sum, this study implies that depending on the dimension of quality of government, the causal conditions in the civil service may be differently combined.
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