고려시대의 조운제도와 조창

Abstract

The Shipping System of Grain Paid as a Tax started in Goryeo period had been a government operated logistics system which was the foundation of national economy and this system existed until it was abolished by the commutation of tax to paying tax with money in 1894. The Shipping System of Grain Paid as a Tax can be largely classified three by period: period centered on coast estuary each region, period centered on 12 Warehouses for Grain as a Tax(13 since King Munjong), period when tax was paid from each county as the foundation of Jochang fell down by the invasion of the Japanese pirates. This study named Pochang(浦倉) for the mode where tax transportation was performed centered on coast estuary before Jochang system. And based on recent studies on the Shipping System of Grain Paid as a Tax, this study tried to find out when 'the early Goryeo'described in Goryeosa(高麗史) is specifically - Goryeosa says, in that time, 12 Warehouses for Grain as a Tax were established. According to existing studies, it has been understood that the early tax transportation in Goryeo had been operated based on 60 ports and changed to 12 Jochang system through the reigns of Hyunjong or Jeongjong. But a record related to the shipping charges(輸京價)regulated in the 11th year of Seongjong shows 9 Jochangs along with 60 ports. This record suggests that 9 Jochangs existed before 12Jochang system. Therefore, it would be difficult to say that Jochang system suddenly appeared in a particular time. And it is assumed that even after implementing Jochang system, some ports existed under Pochang system played the part related to tax transportation. When synthesizing these facts, it is known that Korean Shipping System of Grain Paid as a Tax had been changed in this order: 60Pochang system(early Goryeo) → 12 Jochang system(King Seongjong~Hyunjong in Goryeo) → 13 Jochang system(Munjong in Goryeo) → tax transportation each county(since middle and later period of the 13th century) → 11 Pochang system in early Chosun(『Sejongsilrokjiriji世宗實錄地理志』) → 9 Jochang system(『Gyeonggukdaejeon 經國大典』) →coexistence of Jochang and Haechang system each county(『Sokdaejeon續大典』).