19세기 후반 경상도 조운제도의 변화와 汽船 도입

Abstract

In the mid-19th century, grain transportation system of 3 jochang started to be broken. There were representative problems such as difficulties in securing of transportation assistant ship, internal problem of Dochaeup(都差邑), plunder of Tax Shipping and sinking accident of the ship, etc. Due to the general difficulties in transportation assistant system, the government of the 17th year of Gojong(1880) declared final transportation assistant legislation of Joseon 『Jopyerijeongsamok(漕弊釐正事目)』. Due to the declaration, rear end-jochang of Gyeongsang-do was innovated and 11district of total 20district were transferred to 'Imunjiknap(賃運直納)' that borrows saseon and delibers grains. In the next year, the remained left-jochang and right-jochang were abolished. Therefore, grain transportation system of 3jochang was changed to Imunjiknap. But, in comparison to the intention of government, there was still a problem of grain transporation after the declaration of 『Jopyeijungsamok』. The goal of Joseon government, that was to improve grain transportation system through 『Jopyeijungsamok』, was not successful. Therefore, bureaucrats and intellectual people suggested measures in several directions and most of them insisted introduction of Hwaryunseon(火輪船), steamboat, because they thought steamboat was better than jounseon or gyeonggangseon, that were traditional ships, in several aspects of quickness, stableness, and loaded quantity, etc. Finally, national king accepted people's opinion in the 19th year of Gojong(1882) and decided to utilize steamboat and sailing ship actually for grain transportation. Therefore, in the 23th year of Gojong(1886), they established jeonunkuk(轉運局), prepared 3 ships of Haeryongho, Joyangho, and Changryongho, and delivered grains. From the 30th year of Gojong, (1893), eaunsa(利運社) was established to change private way of grain transportation. However, in spite of the introduction of steamboat, all of problems of grain transportation were not solved. In other words, only ships were changed to steamboat that is modern cultural product in the system of Tax Shipping, so the problems fixed on existing grain transportation were still remained. In spite of the modern shell of steamboat, product economic system that has been managed for several hundred years and the economic structure are not changed. And then, it was not meaningful. Finally, Tax Shipping system was abolished after the taxation innovation of gyelhojeon(結戶錢) in the 32nd year of Gojong(1895).