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복지제도에 대한 영국인들의 태도 변화, 1983-2010 ―실업을 중심으로―

Changes in British attitudes towards unemployment benefits and other welfare programs, 1983-2010

박지향
영국사학회|2012.06|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제27호|pp. 227-314|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..27.201206.227

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참고문헌

키워드

실업Unemployment복지국가사회적 태도The Welfare StateIndividual ResponsibilityNew Labour신노동당개인의 책임Social Attitudes
주제분류역사학

초록

영국은 이미 1946년부터 ‘요람에서 무덤까지’로 대변되는 보편적 복지제도를 인류 역사상 최초로 확립하였다. 그러나 1990년대에 이르러 일하는 복지(workfare)’, ‘근로연계 복지(welfare to work)’에 대한 담론이 확산되는 가운데 일방적으로 수혜자의 권리로만 인식되던 복지제도에 제동이 걸렸다. 훙미롭게도 본격적으로 복지제도를 개혁하기 시작한 것은 보수당이 아니라 토니 블레어가 이끈 신노동당이었다. 실업 문제는 복지국가 전반에 대한 국민의 의식과 태도를 분석할 수 있는 좋은 도구이다. 이 글은 실업 관련 복지제도에 대한 영국인들의 태도를 분석함으로써 지난 30년 가까운 기간 동안 전통적 복지국가에 대하여 영국인들이 가지고 있는 이상에 어떠한 변화가 있었는지 살펴보고 그 원인을 분석해 보기로 한다. 우선 1980년대 이후 일어난 실업 관련 복지정책의 발전과 변화를 서술하고, 1983년부터 실시되기 시작한 British Social Attitudes (이하 BSA) 시리즈 자료를 사용하여 실업에 관한 영국 국민의 태도 변화를 살펴본 후, 그러한 변화를 야기한 여러 요인을 분석하고, 마지막으로 정부정책과 여론의 상관관계를 분석해보기로 한다.

Abstract

Britain established the universal welfare state for the first time in human history. The British government of the 1990s, however, was forced to transform its universal system to a selective one. Interestingly it was the New Labour led by Tony Blair, not the Conservatives, that has initiated such changes towards ‘workfare’ or ‘welfare to work’. Unemployment benefits, among various welfare programs, are a good prism through which values and ideological tendencies of the British people can be analyzed. This paper first describes the developments in unemployment programs that took place since the 1980s. It, then, analyzes changes in the attitudes of the British people towards unemployment issues by utilizing The British Social Attitudes, annual reports published by the National Centre for Social Research (formerly Social and Community Planning Research) during the period 1983-2010. Finally, this paper tries to find out the factors that caused changes in people’s attitudes and discusses the relationship between government policies and public opinion. The findings of this paper are as follows. First, even though the British society holds onto the principles of the welfare state, peoples’ preference has moved from the universal program to a selective one. Second, the support of the British people for the welfare state appears to be grounded more on individual self interest and less on ethical or political convictions. Lastly the tendency of the British people which regards unemployment due to individual laziness, not to social responsibility, has become more apparent in the past thirty years. Most importantly such changes in people’s attitudes seem to have been promoted by the political convergence which took place in the 1990s, initiated by Blair’s ‘third way’.

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